Carbapenemase genes in clinical and environmental isolates of spp. from Quito, Ecuador.

Carbapenem-resistant spp. is associated with nosocomial infections in intensive care unit patients, resulting in high mortality. Although spp. represent a serious public health problem worldwide, there are a few studies related to the presence of carbapenemases in health care facilities and other environmental settings in Ecuador. The main aim of this study was to characterize the carbapenem-resistant spp. isolates obtained from four hospitals (52) and from five rivers (27) close to Quito. We used the disc diffusion and EDTA sinergy tests to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and the production of metallo β-lactamases, respectively. We carried out a multiplex PCR of gene and the sequencing of partial gene to bacterial species identification. We performed molecular screening of nine carbapenem-resistant genes (, , , , , , , , and ) by multiplex PCR, followed by identification using sequencing of genes. Our findings showed that carbapenem-resistant were the main species found in health care facilities and rivers. Most of the clinical isolates came from respiratory tract samples and harbored , , , , , and genes. The river isolates harbored only the and probably genes. We concluded that the most predominant type of carbapenem genes among isolates were both and among clinical isolates.