FeO nanoparticles impregnated eggshell as an efficient biocatalyst for eco-friendly synthesis of 2-amino thiophene derivatives.

In this study, a biodegradable and eco-friendly biocatalyst (eggshell/FeO) was synthesized utilizing eggshell impregnated with FeO nanoparticles. The characterization of prepared catalyst was carried out by Fourier transform infrared radiation (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), thermal gravimetric analysis-differential thermogravimetry (TGA-DTG), vibrating sample magnometer (VSM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The eggshell/FeO biocatalyst was served in multi-component reactions (MCRs) for the synthesis of 2-amino thiophene derivatives from variety aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, ethyl acetoacetate, and sulfur (S8). To achieve optimal reaction conditions, a thorough examination was conducted on key factors, such as the solvent type, reaction time and temperature, and the ratio of eggshell to FeO. The findings suggest that high yield product can be obtained at microwave temperature (MW) in EtOH solvent within 10 min. Additionally, the eggshell/FeO biocatalyst exhibited high catalytic activity, which was sustained over the five cycles, without any significant decline in its performance.