Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece.
Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece.
World J Gastroenterol. 2024 Apr 21;30(15):2096-2108. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i15.2096.
Probiotics are live microorganisms exerting beneficial effects on the host's health when administered in adequate amounts. Among the most popular and adequately studied probiotics are bacteria from the families , and yeasts. Most of them have been shown, both and studies of intestinal inflammation models, to provide favorable results by means of improving the gut microbiota composition, promoting the wound healing process and shaping the immunological responses. Chronic intestinal conditions, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), are characterized by an imbalance in microbiota composition, with decreased diversity, and by relapsing and persisting inflammation, which may lead to mucosal damage. Although the results of the clinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on patients with IBD are still controversial, it is without doubt that these microorganisms and their metabolites, now named postbiotics, have a positive influence on both the host's microbiota and the immune system, and ultimately alter the topical tissue microenvironment. This influence is achieved through three axes: (1) By displacement of potential pathogens competitive exclusion; (2) by offering protection to the host through the secretion of various defensive mediators; and (3) by supplying the host with essential nutrients. We will analyze and discuss almost all the and studies of the past 2 years dealing with the possible favorable effects of certain probiotic genus on gut immunological responses, highlighting which species are the most beneficial against intestinal inflammation.
益生菌是指当给予足够量时，对宿主健康产生有益影响的活微生物。在最受欢迎和研究充分的益生菌中，有来自 和 科的细菌以及酵母。大多数益生菌已经被证明，无论是在肠道炎症模型的体内研究还是体外研究中，都可以通过改善肠道微生物群落组成、促进伤口愈合过程和塑造免疫反应来提供有利的结果。慢性肠道疾病，如炎症性肠病（IBD），其特征是微生物群落组成失衡，多样性降低，炎症反复发作和持续存在，可能导致黏膜损伤。尽管关于益生菌对 IBD 患者影响的临床研究结果仍存在争议，但毫无疑问，这些微生物及其代谢产物，现在称为后生元，对宿主的微生物群和免疫系统都有积极影响，并最终改变局部组织微环境。这种影响是通过三个轴实现的：（1）通过潜在病原体的取代来实现 竞争排除；（2）通过分泌各种防御介质来为宿主提供保护；（3）通过为宿主提供必需的营养物质。我们将分析和讨论过去 2 年中几乎所有涉及某些益生菌属对肠道免疫反应可能有益影响的体内和体外研究，突出哪些物种对肠道炎症最有益。
