Stanford University, Department of Urology, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Boston Consulting Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Environ Res. 2024 Jul 1;252(Pt 3):119035. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119035. Epub 2024 Apr 27.
Lake Baikal, the largest freshwater lake by volume, provides drinking water and aquatic food supplies to over 2.5 million people. However, the lake has been contaminated with recalcitrant pollutants released from surrounding industrial complexes, agriculture, and natural lands, thereby increasing the risk of their bioaccumulation in fish and seals. Yet, a collective analysis of historical concentration data and their bioaccumulation potential as well as what factors drive their accumulation in fish or seals remains largely unknown. We analyzed concentration data from 42 studies collected between 1985 and 2019 in water, sediment, fish, and seals of Lake Baikal. Heavy metals had the highest concentrations in water and biota followed closely by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorines. Among organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) showed the highest levels in water, surpassing hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) concentrations, particularly after normalizing to solubility. While naphthalene and phenanthrene exhibited the highest average concentrations among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their relative concentrations significantly decreased upon solubility normalization. The analysis confirmed that bioconcentration and biomagnification of organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, PAHs, and heavy metals depend primarily on source strength to drive their concentration in water and secondarily on their chemical characteristics as evidenced by the higher concentrations of low-solubility PCBs and high molecular weight PAHs in water and sediment. The differential biomagnification patterns of Cu, Hg, and Zn compared to Pb are attributed to their distinct sources and bioavailability, with Cu, Hg, and Zn showing more pronounced biomagnification due to prolonged industrial release, in contrast to the declining Pb levels. Dibenzo-p-dioxins were detected in sediment and seals, but not in water or fish compartments. These data highlight the importance of addressing even low concentrations of organic and inorganic pollutants and the need for more consistent and frequent monitoring to ensure the future usability of this and other similar essential natural resources.
贝加尔湖是世界上最大的淡水湖，为超过 250 万人提供饮用水和水生食物供应。然而，该湖已受到周边工业综合体、农业和自然土地释放的难处理污染物的污染，从而增加了它们在鱼类和海豹中生物积累的风险。然而，对历史浓度数据及其生物积累潜力以及哪些因素驱动它们在鱼类或海豹中积累的综合分析在很大程度上仍然未知。我们分析了 1985 年至 2019 年期间在贝加尔湖的水、沉积物、鱼类和海豹中收集的 42 项研究的浓度数据。重金属在水中和生物群中的浓度最高，其次是多环芳烃（PAHs）和有机氯化合物。在有机氯化合物中，多氯联苯（PCBs）在水中的浓度最高，超过了六氯环己烷（HCH）的浓度，特别是在根据溶解度归一化后。尽管萘和菲在多环芳烃（PAHs）中表现出最高的平均浓度，但它们的相对浓度在根据溶解度归一化后显著降低。分析结果证实，有机氯农药、多氯联苯、多环芳烃和重金属的生物浓缩和生物放大主要取决于源强度来驱动其在水中的浓度，其次取决于其化学特性，这表现在低溶解度的 PCBs 和高分子量 PAHs 在水中和沉积物中的浓度较高。与 Pb 相比，Cu、Hg 和 Zn 的差异生物放大模式归因于它们不同的来源和生物可利用性，由于长期工业释放，Cu、Hg 和 Zn 表现出更明显的生物放大，而 Pb 水平则下降。二噁英在沉积物和海豹中被检测到，但在水或鱼类中未被检测到。这些数据强调了即使是低浓度的有机和无机污染物也需要加以解决的重要性，以及需要更一致和频繁的监测，以确保未来能够使用这种资源和其他类似的基本自然资源。
