How do R&D and remittances affect economic growth? Evidence from middle-income countries.

Sustainable development through technical progress for middle-income countries (MICs) is overlooked in growth allied studies. Despite their crucial role in alleviating poverty and resource shortages, MICs encounter challenges in global economic competition, driving persistent efforts to find practical solutions. Therefore, this study explores the integrated impact of R&D expenditure and remittances on economic growth in MICs. Using data from 25 MICs between 1996 and 2021, this study employs the "2nd generation unit root" and "panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)" methods. The "feasible generalized least square (FGLS)" techniques and the "Dumitrescu-Hurlin (D-H)" causality test are employed to verify the robustness of the panel ARDL estimation. The Westerlund cointegration tests confirm a long-term cointegration between variables. The findings of the panel ARDL approach show that R&D expenditure and remittances positively and significantly influence economic growth. The robustness of the panel ARDL results is confirmed by the FGLS estimation, which produces similar outcomes. The outcomes from the FGLS and the ARDL methods are additionally validated by the D-H causality check. Therefore, encouraging R&D and remittances is crucial to accelerate middle-income nations' economic growth. The study reveals a novel mechanism of R&D expenditures, remittances, and economic growth in MICs, shaping their mutual influence on this economic landscape. The study supports middle-income countries' policymakers in creating effective policies for their financial institutions regarding R&D expenditure and remittances.