Zainudin Aida Maziha, Ghulam Rasool Aida Hanum, Mat Nor Mohd Zarawi, Hassan Norul Badriah, Muhamad Rosediani, Wan Mohamed Wan Mohd Izani
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Malays J Med Sci. 2024 Apr;31(2):98-112. doi: 10.21315/mjms2024.31.2.9. Epub 2024 Apr 23.
Many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) do not achieve the desired glycaemic control despite being treated with insulin. Studies found this due to an improper understanding of insulin function, its intensification process and patients' negative perspective on insulin. We developed an education module to enhance adherence to insulin therapy.
This study applied a mixed design. It was conducted in three phases: i) Phase I: literature search and focus group discussions (FGDs), ii) Phase II: module development and iii) Phase III: content and face validation of Universiti Sains Malaysia-Insulin Adherence Module (USM-IAM). FGDs were used to gather patients' opinions. All researchers repeatedly discussed about the module content and arrangement, the words and images used, and the grammar in producing the final draft. Specialists and target audience performed content and face validation of the module.
Thirty-six participants were involved in the FGDs. Data saturation was achieved at the 4th FGD. Three themes emerged from qualitative data analysis and were incorporated into the module. USM-IAM was finalised with five units. The content validity index (CVI) was 0.92, while face validity agreements were between 86% and 97%.
The CVI and face agreement for USM-IAM exceed the cut-off point for a sound module. It has good potential to be used as a resource for educating patients in enhancing insulin adherence.
许多2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者尽管接受了胰岛素治疗，但仍未达到理想的血糖控制。研究发现这是由于对胰岛素功能、强化治疗过程的理解不当以及患者对胰岛素的负面看法所致。我们开发了一个教育模块以提高胰岛素治疗的依从性。
本研究采用混合设计。研究分三个阶段进行：i）第一阶段：文献检索和焦点小组讨论（FGD），ii）第二阶段：模块开发，iii）第三阶段：马来西亚理科大学胰岛素依从性模块（USM-IAM）的内容和表面效度验证。FGD用于收集患者的意见。所有研究人员反复讨论模块内容和编排、所使用的文字和图像以及语法，以生成最终草案。专家和目标受众对模块进行内容和表面效度验证。
36名参与者参与了FGD。在第4次FGD时达到数据饱和。定性数据分析得出三个主题并纳入模块。USM-IAM最终确定为五个单元。内容效度指数（CVI）为0.92，表面效度一致性在86%至97%之间。
USM-IAM的CVI和表面一致性超过了一个完善模块的临界点。它有很大潜力用作教育患者提高胰岛素依从性的资源。
