Examining the effectiveness of municipal street sweeping in removing road-deposited particles and metal(loid)s of respiratory health concern.

Road dust is a demonstrated source of urban air pollution. Given this, the implementation of street sweeping strategies that effectively limit road dust accumulation and resuspension should be a public health priority. Research examining the effectiveness of street sweeping for road dust removal in support of good air quality has been limited to date. To address this, the study aimed to assess the use of a regenerative-air street sweeper to efficiently remove road dust particles and metal(loid)s in size fractions relevant for respiratory exposure in Toronto, Canada. As part of this, the mass amounts, particle size distribution and elemental concentrations of bulk road dust before and after sweeping at five arterial sites were characterized. Sweeping reduced the total mass amount of thoracic-sized (<10 µm) road dust particles by 76 % on average. A shift in the size distribution of remaining particles toward finer fractions was observed in post-sweeping samples, together with an enrichment in many metal(loid)s such as Co, Ti and S. Overall, the mass amounts of metal(loid)s of respiratory health concern like Cu and Zn were greatly reduced with sweeping. Traffic volume and road surface quality were predictors of dust loadings and elemental concentrations. Road surface quality was also found to impact street sweeping efficiencies, with larger mass amounts per unit area collected post-sweeping where street surfaces were distressed. This study demonstrates that street sweeping using advanced technology can be highly effective for road dust removal, highlighting its potential to support air quality improvement efforts. The importance of tailoring sweeping service levels and technologies locally as per the quality of road surface and traffic patterns is emphasized. Continued efforts to mitigate non-exhaust emissions that pose a respiratory health risk at their source is essential.