Holmberg M B
Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1985 Feb;71(2):201-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb01272.x.
In the Gothenburg year cohort of 1953 1% of the men and 0.2% of the women were registered for chronic drug abuse through 1979. An early début and a polydrug abuse with emphasis on intravenous abuse of central stimulants but not opiates were found. Compared with matched individuals who were unregistered for drug abuse, chronic drug abusers had a large over-consumption of psychiatric and social care. Their registered criminality was higher, they were more often sick-listed and had lower incomes than the controls. The prevalence and overall impairment of chronic abusers are similar to those of schizophrenics.
在哥德堡1953年出生队列中，截至1979年，1%的男性和0.2%的女性被登记为慢性药物滥用者。研究发现这些人药物滥用开始得早，且存在多种药物滥用情况，尤其侧重于静脉注射中枢兴奋剂而非阿片类药物。与未登记药物滥用的匹配个体相比，慢性药物滥用者在精神和社会护理方面的过度消费较多。他们的登记犯罪率更高，病休的频率更高，收入也比对照组低。慢性药物滥用者的患病率和总体损害程度与精神分裂症患者相似。
