Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
Atten Percept Psychophys. 2024 Jul;86(5):1800-1815. doi: 10.3758/s13414-024-02884-9. Epub 2024 May 9.
Perceiving direct gaze - the perception of being looked at - is important in everyday life. The gaze cone is a concept to define the area in which observers perceive gaze as direct. The most frequently used methods to measure direct gaze threshold fall into two broad groups: First, a variant of the method of constant stimuli, firstly introduced by Gibson and Pick (The American Journal of Psychology, 76, 386-394, 1963). Second, a variant of the method of adjustment, firstly introduced by Gamer and Hecht (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33, 705-715, 2007). Previous studies found a considerable range of thresholds, and although some influences on thresholds are already known (uncertainty, clinical groups), thresholds often vary for no apparent reason. Another important method is a triadic gaze-perception task, which usually finds triadic gaze direction judgments to be overestimated. In two experiments, we compare the method of adjustment with the method of constant stimuli. Experiment 1 additionally examines the influence of the overestimation effect found in the triadic task. Results indicate that thresholds are larger when measured by the method of adjustment than by constant stimuli. Furthermore, Experiment 1 finds a nonlinear overestimation factor, indicating that gaze directions near 0° are less overestimated than larger eccentricities. Correcting the thresholds with individually obtained overestimation factors widens the gaze cone but does not eliminate the average difference between the methods of adjustments and constant stimuli.
感知直接注视——被注视的感知——在日常生活中很重要。注视锥是一个定义观察者感知注视为直接的区域的概念。测量直接注视阈值的最常用方法可分为两大类：第一，由 Gibson 和 Pick（美国心理学杂志，76，386-394，1963）首次引入的恒定刺激法的变体。第二，由 Gamer 和 Hecht（实验心理学杂志：人类感知与表现，33，705-715，2007）首次引入的调整法的变体。先前的研究发现了相当大的阈值范围，尽管已经知道一些对阈值的影响（不确定性，临床群体），但阈值经常无缘无故地变化。另一种重要的方法是三联体注视感知任务，该任务通常发现三联体注视方向判断被高估。在两项实验中，我们比较了调整法和恒定刺激法。实验 1 还研究了在三联体任务中发现的高估效应的影响。结果表明，通过调整法测量的阈值比通过恒定刺激法测量的阈值大。此外，实验 1 发现了非线性的高估因素，表明 0°附近的注视方向比更大的偏心率被高估得更少。用个体获得的高估因素校正阈值会扩大注视锥，但不会消除调整法和恒定刺激法之间的平均差异。
