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对骨盆不稳定的稳定患者的即刻处理。

Immediate management of a stable patient with unstable pelvis.

作者信息

Cano Juan Ramón, Bogallo José Manuel, Ramirez Alicia, Guerado Enrique

机构信息

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Costa del Sol, University of Málaga, Malaga, Spain.

出版信息

EFORT Open Rev. 2024 May 10;9(5):434-447. doi: 10.1530/EOR-24-0055.

Abstract

The diagnosis of a traumatic unstable pelvis in a stable patient is a temporary concept depending on when we see the patient, as all patients presenting with hemorrhagic shock have hemodynamic stability until they become unstable. As a rule, the more unstable the pelvic fracture is, the higher the risk of bleeding and hemodynamic instability it has. Therefore, in unstable pelvic fractures, hemodynamic stability should be a diagnosis by exclusion. For bleeding detection in stable patients, an immediate one-stage contrast-enhanced CT scan is the appropriate diagnosis test; however, since CT scan radiation is always an issue, X-rays should be considered in those cases of hemodynamically stable patients in whom there is a reasonable suspicion that no unsafe bleeding is going on. Pelvic fracture classification is essential as usually there is an association between the injury mechanism, the fracture displacement, and the hemodynamic stability. Anteroposterior and, particularly, vertical traumatisms have much more proclivity to provoke major pelvic displacement and bleeding. The use of a pelvic binder, as early as possible including pre-hospital management, should be standard in high-impact blunt trauma patients independently of the trauma mechanisms. External fixation is the preferred method of stabilization in case of open fractures, and, in closed ones, when the schedule for definite osteosynthesis prolongs because of the patient's general condition. If possible, immediate percutaneous sacroiliac screw insertion for unstable pelvic fractures produce excellent results even in open fractures.

摘要

对于病情稳定的患者,创伤性不稳定骨盆的诊断是一个相对临时的概念,这取决于我们何时见到患者,因为所有出现失血性休克的患者在病情变得不稳定之前都有血流动力学稳定性。通常,骨盆骨折越不稳定,出血风险和血流动力学不稳定的风险就越高。因此,对于不稳定骨盆骨折,血流动力学稳定性应通过排除法来诊断。对于病情稳定患者的出血检测,立即进行一期对比增强CT扫描是合适的诊断检查;然而,由于CT扫描辐射始终是个问题,对于那些血流动力学稳定且有合理怀疑不存在危险出血的患者,应考虑进行X线检查。骨盆骨折分类至关重要,因为损伤机制、骨折移位和血流动力学稳定性之间通常存在关联。前后位创伤,尤其是垂直创伤,更易引发严重的骨盆移位和出血。对于高能量钝性创伤患者,无论创伤机制如何,尽早使用骨盆固定带,包括院前处理,都应成为标准操作。对于开放性骨折,外固定是首选的稳定方法;对于闭合性骨折,如果由于患者的一般状况而使确定性骨合成的时间延长,外固定也是首选方法。如果可能,对于不稳定骨盆骨折立即进行经皮骶髂螺钉置入,即使对于开放性骨折也能产生很好的效果。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/bf84/11099580/1c7d7ac491fe/EOR-24-0055fig1.jpg

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