Affiliation: Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
Affiliation: Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2024 Jul;150:109619. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109619. Epub 2024 May 10.
Plastic waste degrades slowly in aquatic environments, transforming into microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), which are subsequently ingested by fish and other aquatic organisms, causing both physical blockages and chemical toxicity. The fish immune system serves as a crucial defense against viruses and pollutants present in water. It is imperative to comprehend the detrimental effects of MPs on the fish immune system and conduct further research on immunological assessments. In this paper, the immune response and immunotoxicity of MPs and its combination with environmental pollutants on fish were reviewed. MPs not only inflict physical harm on the natural defense barriers like fish gills and vital immune organs such as the liver and intestinal tract but also penetrate cells, disrupting intracellular signaling pathways, altering the levels of immune cytokines and gene expression, perturbing immune homeostasis, and ultimately compromising specific immunity. Initially, fish exposed to MPs recruit a significant number of macrophages and T cells while activating lysosomes. Over time, this exposure leads to apoptosis of immune cells, a decline in lysosomal degradation capacity, lysosomal activity, and complement levels. MPs possess a small specific surface area and can efficiently bind with heavy metals, organic pollutants, and viruses, enhancing immune responses. Hence, there is a need for comprehensive studies on the shape, size, additives released from MPs, along with their immunotoxic effects and mechanisms in conjunction with other pollutants and viruses. These studies aim to solidify existing knowledge and delineate future research directions concerning the immunotoxicity of MPs on fish, which has implications for human health.
塑料废物在水生环境中缓慢降解，转化为微塑料（MPs）和纳米塑料（NPs），随后被鱼类和其他水生生物摄入，造成物理堵塞和化学毒性。鱼类免疫系统是抵御水中病毒和污染物的重要防线。了解 MPs 对鱼类免疫系统的有害影响并进行免疫评估的进一步研究至关重要。本文综述了 MPs 对鱼类的免疫反应和免疫毒性及其与环境污染物的组合作用。 MPs 不仅对鱼类的天然防御屏障（如鱼鳃）和重要的免疫器官（如肝脏和肠道）造成物理伤害，还穿透细胞，扰乱细胞内信号通路，改变免疫细胞因子和基因表达水平，扰乱免疫稳态，最终损害特异性免疫。最初，鱼类暴露于 MPs 会招募大量巨噬细胞和 T 细胞，同时激活溶酶体。随着时间的推移，这种暴露会导致免疫细胞凋亡，溶酶体降解能力、溶酶体活性和补体水平下降。 MPs 具有较小的比表面积，能够有效地与重金属、有机污染物和病毒结合，增强免疫反应。因此，需要综合研究 MPs 的形状、大小、释放的添加剂，以及它们与其他污染物和病毒结合时的免疫毒性及其机制。这些研究旨在巩固现有的知识，并为 MPs 对鱼类的免疫毒性及其对人类健康的影响的未来研究方向提供指导。
