Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical Education Building-C, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
J Innate Immun. 2024;16(1):295-323. doi: 10.1159/000539278. Epub 2024 May 13.
Evolutionarily, immune response is a complex mechanism that protects the host from internal and external threats. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize MAMPs, PAMPs, and DAMPs to initiate a protective pro-inflammatory immune response. PRRs are expressed on the cell membranes by TLR1, 2, 4, and 6 and in the cytosolic organelles by TLR3, 7, 8, and 9, NLRs, ALRs, and cGLRs. We know their downstream signaling pathways controlling immunoregulatory and pro-inflammatory immune response. However, the impact of PRRs on metabolic control of immune cells to control their pro- and anti-inflammatory activity has not been discussed extensively.
Immune cell metabolism or immunometabolism critically determines immune cells' pro-inflammatory phenotype and function. The current article discusses immunometabolic reprogramming (IR) upon activation of different PRRs, such as TLRs, NLRs, cGLRs, and RLRs. The duration and type of PRR activated, species studied, and location of immune cells to specific organ are critical factors to determine the IR-induced immune response.
The work herein describes IR upon TLR, NLR, cGLR, and RLR activation. Understanding IR upon activating different PRRs is critical for designing better immune cell-specific immunotherapeutics and immunomodulators targeting inflammation and inflammatory diseases.
从进化的角度来看，免疫反应是一种复杂的机制，可保护宿主免受内外威胁。模式识别受体 (PRR) 可识别 MAMPs、PAMPs 和 DAMPs，从而引发保护性促炎免疫反应。PRR 通过 TLR1、2、4 和 6 在细胞膜上表达，通过 TLR3、7、8 和 9、NLRs、ALRs 和 cGLRs 在胞质细胞器中表达。我们了解它们控制免疫调节和促炎免疫反应的下游信号通路。然而，PRR 对免疫细胞代谢控制的影响以控制其促炎和抗炎活性尚未得到广泛讨论。
免疫细胞代谢或免疫代谢对免疫细胞的促炎表型和功能具有重要意义。本文讨论了不同 PRR（如 TLR、NLR、cGLR 和 RLR）激活时的免疫代谢重编程 (IR)。激活的 PRR 的持续时间和类型、研究的物种以及免疫细胞在特定器官的位置是决定 IR 诱导的免疫反应的关键因素。
本文描述了 TLR、NLR、cGLR 和 RLR 激活时的 IR。了解不同 PRR 激活时的 IR 对于设计针对炎症和炎症性疾病的更好的免疫细胞特异性免疫疗法和免疫调节剂至关重要。
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