Chen Ruochan, Zou Ju, Chen Jiawang, Zhong Xiao, Kang Rui, Tang Daolin
Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025 Jul 11;10(1):216. doi: 10.1038/s41392-025-02264-1.
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are sensors in the immune system, detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). They serve as essential links between the innate and adaptive immune responses, initiating defense mechanisms against pathogens and maintaining immune homeostasis. This review examines the classification, structure, and signaling cascades of key PRR families, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), AIM2-like receptors (ALRs), and others. It explores the dual roles of PRRs in immune defense and regulation, particularly through inhibitory PRRs (iPRRs), which prevent immune overactivation. The review also investigates the ligand recognition mechanisms and signaling pathways, highlighting the involvement of PRRs in disease progression and immune modulation. Notable signaling pathways, including NF-κB, MAPK, cGAS-STING, and MYD88-mediated and non-MYD88-mediated cascades, are discussed in the context of immune responses. Mechanisms that fine-tune PRR-mediated responses include transcriptional and fpost-transcriptional regulation, protein degradation, subcellular localization, and the recruitment of amplifiers and inhibitors, along with metabolic and microbial factors. These regulatory strategies ensure immune signaling remains adaptable and precise, preventing excessive inflammation. The review also explores the therapeutic potential of targeting PRRs in treating infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and malignant diseases, underscoring their importance in advancing immunological research and precision medicine.
模式识别受体（PRRs）是免疫系统中的传感器，可检测病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）和损伤相关分子模式（DAMPs）。它们是固有免疫和适应性免疫反应之间的重要纽带，启动针对病原体的防御机制并维持免疫稳态。本综述探讨了关键PRR家族的分类、结构和信号级联反应，包括 Toll 样受体（TLRs）、C 型凝集素受体（CLRs）、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体（NLRs）、AIM2 样受体（ALRs）等。它探讨了PRRs在免疫防御和调节中的双重作用，特别是通过抑制性PRRs（iPRRs）来防止免疫过度激活。该综述还研究了配体识别机制和信号通路，强调了PRRs在疾病进展和免疫调节中的作用。在免疫反应的背景下讨论了包括NF-κB、MAPK、cGAS-STING以及MYD88介导和非MYD88介导的级联反应等重要信号通路。微调PRR介导反应的机制包括转录和转录后调节、蛋白质降解、亚细胞定位以及放大器和抑制剂的募集，以及代谢和微生物因素。这些调节策略确保免疫信号保持适应性和精确性，防止过度炎症。该综述还探讨了靶向PRRs在治疗感染性、炎症性、自身免疫性和恶性疾病方面的治疗潜力，强调了它们在推进免疫学研究和精准医学中的重要性。
