Chitosan/teff flour active films incorporated with citric acid and beetroot leaf extract: Physicochemical properties and mathematical modeling of phenolic release.

Active compounds are integrated into food packaging films to enhance their food protection capabilities. Understanding the release of these components in films, particularly in crosslinking scenarios, is crucial. This study aimed to mathematically model the release of phenolic compounds from chitosan/teff flour films to understand how active compounds gradually release. Moreover, it was aimed to study the effects of incorporation of beetroot leaf extract and citric acid crosslinking. The collective observations, encompassing increased density and thermal stability, alongside concurrent reductions in moisture content, water solubility, water vapor permeability and swelling index following citric acid addition, strongly suggested the presence of crosslinking. Applying Fick's law and the finite element method revealed a substantial influence of the crosslinking agent on diffusion coefficients. The model exhibited strong agreement with experimental data, as reflected in low root mean square error values ranging from 3.02 to 8.50 mmol/m for films. Furthermore, the influence of citric acid crosslinking on the release of TPC was evident, as indicated by a decrease in average diffusion coefficient values from 3.499 × 10 m s to 1.770 × 10 m s with the formula with 1.5 % citric acid and 0.5 % beetroot leaf extract. This showcases the impact of various parameters on controlled release in food packaging.