Exploring tunneling ESEEM beyond methyl groups in nitroxides at low temperatures.

Tunneling of methyl rotors coupled to an electron spin causes magnetic field independent electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) at low temperatures. For nitroxides containing alkyl substituents, we observe this effect as a contribution at the beginning of the Hahn echo decay signal occurring on a faster time scale than the matrix-induced decoherence. The tunneling ESEEM contribution includes information on the local environment of the methyl rotors, which manifests as a distribution of rotation barriers () when measuring the paramagnetic species in a glassy matrix. Here, we investigate the differences in tunneling behaviour of geminal methyl and ethyl group rotors in nitroxides while exploring different levels of theory in our previously introduced methyl quantum rotor (MQR) model. Moreover, we extend the MQR model to analyze the tunneling ESEEM originating from two different rotor types coupled to the same electron spin. We find that ethyl groups in nitroxides give rise to stronger tunneling ESEEM contributions than methyl groups because the difference between hyperfine couplings of their methyl protons better matches the tunneling frequency. The methyl rotors of both ethyl and propyl groups exhibit distributions at lower rotation barriers compared to geminal methyl groups. This is in good agreement with density functional theory (DFT) calculations of their rotation barriers and showcases that conformational flexibility impacts the hindrance of rotation. Using Monte-Carlo based fitting in combination with an identifiability analysis of the MQR model parameter space, we extract rotation barrier distributions for the individual rotor types in mixed-rotor nitroxides as well as identify which rotors dominate the observed tunneling contribution in the Hahn echo decay signal.