Effect of Europium and Gadolinium Alloying Elements on the Tribological Response of Low Hydrogen Content Amorphous Carbon.

Dopants and alloying elements are commonly introduced in amorphous carbon (a-C) materials to tailor their mechanical and tribological properties. While most published studies have focused on doping and alloying a-C coatings with metals or metalloids, doping a-C films with rare-earth elements has only recently been explored. Notably, our understanding of the shear-induced structural changes occurring in rare-earth-element-containing a-C films is still elusive, even in the absence of any liquid lubricants. Here, the friction response of Eu- and Gd-containing a-C films with low hydrogen content deposited by HiPIMS on silicon was evaluated in open air and at room temperature. The load-dependent friction measurements indicated that the introduction of Gd ((2.3 ± 0.1) at.%) and Eu ((2.4 ± 0.1) at.%) into the a-C matrix results in a significant reduction of the shear strength of the sliding interfaces ((41 ± 2) MPa for a-C, (16 ± 1) MPa for a-C:Gd, and (11 ± 2) MPa for a-C:Eu). NEXAFS spectromicroscopy experiments provided evidence that no stress-assisted sp-to-sp rehybridization of carbon atoms was induced by the sliding process in the near-surface region of undoped a-C, while the amount of sp-bonded carbon progressively increased in a-C:Gd and a-C:Eu upon increasing the applied normal load in tribological tests. The formation of an sp-bonded carbon-rich surface layer in a-C:Gd and a-C:Eu films was not only proposed to be the origin for the reduced duration of the running-in period in tribological test, but was also postulated to induce shear localization within the sp-carbon-rich layer and transfer film formation on the countersurface, thus decreasing the interfacial shear strength. These findings open the path for the use of Gd- and Eu-containing a-C even under critical conditions for nearly hydrogen-free a-C films (i.e., humid air).