Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
Centre d'Etudes Biologiques Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS-Université de la Rochelle, Villiers En Bois 79360, France.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Jun 4;121(23):e2312851121. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2312851121. Epub 2024 May 21.
The way goal-oriented birds adjust their travel direction and route in response to wind significantly affects their travel costs. This is expected to be particularly pronounced in pelagic seabirds, which utilize a wind-dependent flight style called dynamic soaring. Dynamic soaring seabirds in situations without a definite goal, e.g. searching for prey, are known to preferentially fly with crosswinds or quartering-tailwinds to increase the speed and search area, and reduce travel costs. However, little is known about their reaction to wind when heading to a definite goal, such as homing. Homing tracks of wandering albatrosses () vary from beelines to zigzags, which are similar to those of sailboats. Here, given that both albatrosses and sailboats travel slower in headwinds and tailwinds, we tested whether the time-minimizing strategies used by yacht racers can be compared to the locomotion patterns of wandering albatrosses. We predicted that when the goal is located upwind or downwind, albatrosses should deviate their travel directions from the goal on the mesoscale and increase the number of turns on the macroscale. Both hypotheses were supported by track data from albatrosses and racing yachts in the Southern Ocean confirming that albatrosses qualitatively employ the same strategy as yacht racers. Nevertheless, albatrosses did not strictly minimize their travel time, likely making their flight robust against wind fluctuations to reduce flight costs. Our study provides empirical evidence of tacking in albatrosses and demonstrates that man-made movement strategies provide a new perspective on the laws underlying wildlife movement.
定向鸟类通过调整其在风中的旅行方向和路线来适应风的方式,会显著影响它们的旅行成本。这在依赖风力的飞行方式称为动态翱翔的远洋海鸟中预计会尤为明显。在没有明确目标的情况下(例如寻找猎物),没有明确目标的动态翱翔海鸟,它们更倾向于顺风或侧顺风飞行,以增加速度和搜索范围,并降低旅行成本。然而,对于它们在向明确目标(如归巢)飞行时对风的反应,人们知之甚少。漂泊信天翁的归巢轨迹从直线到之字形不等,类似于帆船的轨迹。在这里,考虑到信天翁和帆船在顶风和顺风中都行驶得更慢,我们测试了帆船运动员使用的时间最小化策略是否可以与漂泊信天翁的运动模式相媲美。我们预测,当目标位于顺风或逆风方向时,信天翁应该在中尺度上偏离目标的旅行方向,并在大尺度上增加转弯次数。信天翁和南大洋赛艇的轨迹数据都支持了这两个假设,证实了漂泊信天翁定性地采用了与帆船运动员相同的策略。然而,信天翁并没有严格地最小化它们的旅行时间,可能会使它们的飞行对风的波动具有鲁棒性,以降低飞行成本。我们的研究为漂泊信天翁的抢风航行提供了经验证据,并表明人为的运动策略为野生动物运动的基本规律提供了新的视角。