Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
J Glob Health. 2024 May 24;14:04073. doi: 10.7189/jogh.14.04073.
Studies have shown that the disease burden of anaemia varies globally, yet they have not yet determined its exact extent in East Asian countries specifically. We thus aimed to investigate the prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to anaemia from 1990 to 2021 in China, Japan, and South Korea.
We extracted the prevalence and YLDs with their age-standardised rates (ASRs) in China, Japan, and South Korea from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, stratified by sex, age, and causes. We then examined the temporal trend of anaemia burden from 1990 to 2021 using joinpoint analysis and the association of anaemia burden with the Human Development Index and Universal Health Index through Spearman's correlation analysis.
In 2021, anaemia affected 136 million people in China (95% uncertainty interval (UI) = 131, 141), with ASRs of prevalence of 8.9% (95% UI = 8.6, 9.3), and accounted for 3.0 million YLDs (95% UI = 2.0, 4.4). It affected 13.6 million people in Japan (95% UI = 11.8, 16.0), with ASRs of prevalence of 7.4% (95% UI = 6.1, 9.0), and caused 181 thousand YLDs (95% UI = 108, 282). It also affected 2.7 million individuals in South Korea (95% UI = 2.4, 3.0), with ASRs of prevalence of 5.2% (95% UI = 4.6, 5.7), and led to 34 thousand YLDs (95% UI = 22, 55). We observed a significant gender discrepancy in the anaemia burden in these three countries, with the prevalence and YLD rates in women being almost twice as high as those in men. Moreover, the peak age of the anaemia burden shifted toward higher age groups in all three countries, particularly in Japan. Chronic kidney disease was responsible for a growing share of anaemia cases and YLDs, especially in adults aged more than 60 years in Japan and South Korea. Haemoglobinopathies were another noticeable cause of anaemia in China, though dietary iron deficiency remained the leading cause. Both socioeconomic development and essential health service coverage showed negative associations with the anaemia burden in the three countries in the past three decades, though with differential patterns.
Anaemia remains a major public health issue in China, Japan, and South Korea; targeted surveillance and interventions are recommended for high-risk populations and cause-specific anaemia.
研究表明，贫血的疾病负担在全球范围内存在差异，但尚未确定其在东亚国家的确切程度。因此，我们旨在调查中国、日本和韩国 1990 年至 2021 年期间贫血的患病率和伤残调整生命年（YLDs）。
我们从 2021 年全球疾病负担研究中提取了中国、日本和韩国的患病率和 YLDs 及其年龄标准化率（ASR），按性别、年龄和病因进行分层。然后，我们使用 joinpoint 分析检查了 1990 年至 2021 年期间贫血负担的时间趋势，并通过 Spearman 相关分析检查了贫血负担与人类发展指数和全民健康覆盖指数之间的关联。
2021 年，中国有 1.36 亿人患有贫血（95%不确定区间（UI）=1.31，1.41），ASR 患病率为 8.9%（95% UI=8.6，9.3），导致 300 万伤残调整生命年（95% UI=2.0，4.4）。日本有 1360 万人患有贫血（95% UI=11.8，16.0），ASR 患病率为 7.4%（95% UI=6.1，9.0），导致 18.1 万伤残调整生命年（95% UI=108，282）。韩国有 270 万人患有贫血（95% UI=2.4，3.0），ASR 患病率为 5.2%（95% UI=4.6，5.7），导致 3.4 万伤残调整生命年（95% UI=22，55）。我们观察到这三个国家的贫血负担存在显著的性别差异，女性的患病率和 YLD 率几乎是男性的两倍。此外，贫血负担的峰值年龄在所有三个国家都向更高的年龄组转移，特别是在日本。慢性肾脏病是贫血病例和 YLDs 不断增加的主要原因，尤其是在日本和韩国 60 岁以上的成年人中。血红蛋白病是中国贫血的另一个重要原因，尽管饮食铁缺乏仍然是主要原因。在过去三十年中，社会经济发展和基本卫生服务覆盖与三个国家的贫血负担呈负相关，但模式不同。
贫血仍然是中国、日本和韩国的一个主要公共卫生问题；建议对高危人群和特定病因的贫血进行有针对性的监测和干预。
