Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh 244001, India.
Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Curr Pharm Des. 2024;30(22):1708-1724. doi: 10.2174/0113816128298875240321073907.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. There may be more than a million instances of hepatocellular carcinoma by 2025, making it a persistent concern for global health. The most common form of hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for more than 90% of cases. There is no known cure for hepatocellular carcinoma, which is usually detected late in life. Unlike most other common malignancies, such as lung, prostate, and breast cancers, where mortality rates are declining, rates of death are rising by around 2-3% every year. It is extremely difficult to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma in its early stages. Alpha-fetoprotein serology studies and ultrasonography (US) monitoring were historically the primary methods for early detection of hepatocellular cancer. However, the sensitivity or specificity of ultrasonography/alpha-fetoprotein (US/AFP) is not high enough to detect hepatocellular carcinoma in its early stages. Alpha-fetoprotein, or AFP, is an amino acid that is normally produced by the liver or yolk sac of an embryonic baby. In adults, AFP levels are typically modest. Adults with high levels of AFP have been associated with several illnesses, the most well-known of which are certain types of cancer. It is still possible to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma early because of current technological advancements. We address the advancements in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in this article, with a focus on new imaging techniques and diagnostic markers for early-stage tumor identification.
肝细胞癌 (HCC) 是全球癌症相关死亡的第三大主要原因。到 2025 年，可能会有超过 100 万例肝细胞癌病例，这是全球健康的持续关注点。最常见的肝细胞癌形式占病例的 90%以上。肝细胞癌目前尚无已知的治愈方法，通常在生命晚期才被发现。与大多数其他常见恶性肿瘤（如肺癌、前列腺癌和乳腺癌）不同，这些癌症的死亡率正在下降，而肝细胞癌的死亡率每年以 2-3%的速度上升。在早期诊断肝细胞癌非常困难。甲胎蛋白血清学研究和超声（US）监测历来是早期发现肝细胞癌的主要方法。然而，超声/甲胎蛋白（US/AFP）的敏感性或特异性不够高，无法在早期检测到肝细胞癌。甲胎蛋白，或 AFP，是一种氨基酸，通常由肝脏或胚胎婴儿的卵黄囊产生。在成年人中，AFP 水平通常适中。高水平的 AFP 与几种疾病有关，其中最著名的是某些类型的癌症。由于目前的技术进步，仍然有可能早期诊断肝细胞癌。我们在本文中讨论了肝细胞癌诊断方面的进展，重点介绍了用于早期肿瘤识别的新成像技术和诊断标志物。
