Extremely stable system of 1-haloselanyl-anthraquinones: experimental and theoretical investigations.

Highly stable selanyl halides, 1-ATQSeX (X = I (1), Br (2) and Cl (3)), were prepared. The structures of 1, 2, 6 (1-ATQSeX: X = Me) and 7 (1-ATQBr) were determined. QC calculations were performed on 1-3, 4 (X = F), 5 (X = H), 6, 7 and 8 (X = SeATQ-1). The O⋯Se distances in 1-4 from the sum of the vdW radii of the atoms (Δ(Se, O)) were less than -1 Å, in magnitude, which must be the driving force for the high stability. The O--Se interactions seem stronger in the order of 1 < 2 < 3 < 4. The intrinsic dynamic and static natures of O⋯Se and/or Se⋯X in 1-8 are elucidated by QTAIM dual functional analysis (QTAIM-DFA). The Se--I, Se--Br, Se--Cl and Se--F interactions in 1-4 are predicted to have the natures of covalent, TBP with CT, TBP with CT, and typical HB with covalency, respectively, whereas O--Ses in 1-4 are all predicted to have the nature of MC with CT. The Se--H, Se--C and Se--Se interactions in 5, 6 and 8 are all predicted to have the covalent nature, while O--Ses in 5, 6 and 8 are all predicted to have the nature of typical HB with no covalency. The (2) values of 1-6 and 8 are calculated with NBO analysis, and correlate excellently with Δ(Se, O), except for Se--F, for which (2) is evaluated to be much larger. The (2) values also correlate very well with for all Se--X in 1-4, although data from 5, 6 and 8 deviated from the correlation, where is the diagonal element of the compliance (force) constant for the internal vibrations. The behaviour of the interactions is further examined based on the QTAIM-DFA parameters of and . The stabilizing effect is further confirmed by the calculations with the (CO) values analyzed carefully.