Pivková Ivica, Kukla Ján, Hnilička František, Hniličková Helena, Krupová Danica, Kuklová Margita
Institute of Forest Ecology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Ľ. Štúra 2, 960 53, Zvolen, Slovakia.
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Kamýcka 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
Heliyon. 2024 May 14;10(10):e31153. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31153. eCollection 2024 May 30.
Currently, little is known about the spatial variability of significant soil properties and their relationships to forest ecosystems of different vegetation grades. This work evaluates the variability of the properties of the upper layer of Cambisol taxa and their relationship to altitude and forest ecosystems of 2nd to 5th forest vegetation grades selected in the Western Carpathians using PCA and regression analysis. The content of clay, total carbon and total nitrogen, humus, energy, and ash in the soils varied between 5.43 and 11.53 %, 21-65 mg g, 1.9-4.7 mg g, 36-112 mg g, 438.4-5845.7 J g and 852.9-946.3 mg g, and C/N, pH, and pH values ranged between 11.2 and 16.7, 4.0-5.8 and 3.1-4.6. PCA showed that EAC in the 3rd oak-beech vegetation grade had significantly higher pH values and significantly lower energy content, ESC in the 4th beech vegetation grade had a significantly higher ash content and a significantly lower energy content, and DC in the 5th fir-beech vegetation grade had a significantly higher content of Ct, Nt, and humus. Linear regression revealed a strong negative correlation between the energy content and soil reaction ( for pH = 0.48; for pH = 0.38) for all Cambisol taxa. Ct content and ash show a strong negative correlation ( = 0.78). The positive relationship between altitude and FVGs was found only for the soil C ( = 0.87), N ( = 0.81), and humus content ( = 0.87). A strong negative linear relationship between altitude and FVGs showed the ash content ( = 0.77). In turn, the oscillatory, polynomial course had a relationship between the clay content ( = 0.65) and energy ( = 0.75) to altitude and FVGs. Recognizing significant soil variables and better understanding their impact on the development of forest ecosystems is a prerequisite for distinguishing areas with the highest risk of their damage under conditions of various anthropogenic interventions and climate change. Therefore, this topic continues to require increased research efforts. For this reason, a better understanding of the relationships between soil properties and ecologically differentiated communities of forest ecosystems will allow us to identify areas with the highest risk of ecological changes that could lead to the degradation of European forests in the future.
目前，对于重要土壤属性的空间变异性及其与不同植被等级森林生态系统的关系知之甚少。本研究利用主成分分析（PCA）和回归分析，评估了在西喀尔巴阡山脉选定的二级至五级森林植被等级的始成土类上层属性的变异性及其与海拔和森林生态系统的关系。土壤中黏土、总碳、总氮、腐殖质、能量和灰分的含量分别在5.43%至11.53%、21 - 65 mg/g、1.9 - 4.7 mg/g、36 - 112 mg/g、438.4 - 5845.7 J/g和852.9 - 946.3 mg/g之间，碳氮比、pH值和pOH值分别在11.2至16.7、4.0 - 5.8和3.1 - 4.6之间。主成分分析表明，在三级橡-山毛榉植被等级的始成土类中，有效阳离子交换量（EAC）的pH值显著较高，能量含量显著较低；在四级山毛榉植被等级的始成土类中，交换性钙镁总量（ESC）的灰分含量显著较高，能量含量显著较低；在五级冷杉-山毛榉植被等级的始成土类中，脱钙土（DC）的总碳（Ct）、总氮（Nt）和腐殖质含量显著较高。线性回归显示，对于所有始成土类，能量含量与土壤反应之间存在很强的负相关关系（pH值的相关系数为0.48；pOH值的相关系数为0.38）。总碳含量与灰分呈很强的负相关关系（相关系数为0.78）。仅在土壤碳（相关系数为0.87）、氮（相关系数为0.81）和腐殖质含量（相关系数为0.87）方面发现海拔与森林植被等级之间存在正相关关系。海拔与森林植被等级之间存在很强的负线性关系，表现为灰分含量（相关系数为0.77）。反过来，黏土含量（相关系数为0.65）和能量（相关系数为0.75）与海拔和森林植被等级之间存在振荡的多项式关系。识别重要的土壤变量并更好地理解它们对森林生态系统发展的影响，是在各种人为干预和气候变化条件下区分具有最高受损风险区域的先决条件。因此，这个主题仍需要加大研究力度。出于这个原因，更好地理解土壤属性与森林生态系统生态分化群落之间的关系，将使我们能够识别出未来可能导致欧洲森林退化的生态变化风险最高的区域。
