Embracing exascale computing in nucleic acid simulations.

This mini-review reports the recent advances in biomolecular simulations, particularly for nucleic acids, and provides the potential effects of the emerging exascale computing on nucleic acid simulations, emphasizing the need for advanced computational strategies to fully exploit this technological frontier. Specifically, we introduce recent breakthroughs in computer architectures for large-scale biomolecular simulations and review the simulation protocols for nucleic acids regarding force fields, enhanced sampling methods, coarse-grained models, and interactions with ligands. We also explore the integration of machine learning methods into simulations, which promises to significantly enhance the predictive modeling of biomolecules and the analysis of complex data generated by the exascale simulations. Finally, we discuss the challenges and perspectives for biomolecular simulations as we enter the dawning exascale computing era.