Baer E D
Nurs Res. 1985 Jan-Feb;34(1):32-8.
The method of historical analysis was used in this study to examine the nature and scope of the divisions in nursing in America in the last third of the 19th century. The article presents the story of nursing's reform origins, describes the post-Civil War social context, and discusses changes particularly relevant to women. The development of nursing reflected the country's uncertainty and turbulence. The divisions that emerged in nursing are demonstrated by the three conflicting schemes for organizing nursing in hospitals in the late 1800s: (1) The original Nightingale model, adapted by the first (1873) American schools, kept nursing separate from hospital and medical domination but supervised by Boards of Lady Managers; (2) the Linda Richards model, initiated at Boston City Hospital in 1878, subjected nursing to medical control; and (3) the professional model, espoused by Isabel Hampton toward the century's close, sought self-regulation for nursing.
本研究采用历史分析方法，考察19世纪最后三分之一时期美国护理领域的分歧性质和范围。本文讲述了护理改革的起源故事，描述了内战后的社会背景，并讨论了与女性特别相关的变化。护理的发展反映了国家的不确定性和动荡。19世纪后期医院护理组织的三种相互冲突的方案体现了护理领域出现的分歧：（1）最初由美国第一批（1873年）学校采用的南丁格尔模式，使护理与医院和医学主导分离，但由女经理委员会监督；（2）1878年在波士顿市医院启动的琳达·理查兹模式，使护理受医学控制；（3）伊莎贝尔·汉普顿在世纪末支持的专业模式，寻求护理的自我管理。
