da Cruz Nizer Waleska Stephanie, Adams Madison Elisabeth, Allison Kira Noelle, Montgomery Megan Catherine, Mosher Hailey, Cassol Edana, Overhage Joerg
Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON, Canada.
Biofilm. 2024 May 23;7:100203. doi: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100203. eCollection 2024 Jun.
Oxidizing agents are low-molecular-weight molecules that oxidize other substances by accepting electrons from them. They include reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anions (O), hydrogen peroxide (HO), and hydroxyl radicals (HO), and reactive chlorine species (RCS) including sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and its active ingredient hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and chloramines. Bacteria encounter oxidizing agents in many different environments and from diverse sources. Among them, they can be produced endogenously by aerobic respiration or exogenously by the use of disinfectants and cleaning agents, as well as by the mammalian immune system. Furthermore, human activities like industrial effluent pollution, agricultural runoff, and environmental activities like volcanic eruptions and photosynthesis are also sources of oxidants. Despite their antimicrobial effects, bacteria have developed many mechanisms to resist the damage caused by these toxic molecules. Previous research has demonstrated that growing as a biofilm particularly enhances bacterial survival against oxidizing agents. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the resistance mechanisms employed by bacterial biofilms against ROS and RCS, focussing on the most important mechanisms, including the formation of biofilms in response to oxidative stressors, the biofilm matrix as a protective barrier, the importance of detoxifying enzymes, and increased protection within multi-species biofilm communities. Understanding the complexity of bacterial responses against oxidative stress will provide valuable insights for potential therapeutic interventions and biofilm control strategies in diverse bacterial species.
氧化剂是低分子量分子，它们通过从其他物质接受电子来氧化这些物质。它们包括活性氧（ROS），如超氧阴离子（O）、过氧化氢（HO）和羟基自由基（HO），以及活性氯物质（RCS），包括次氯酸钠（NaOCl）及其活性成分次氯酸（HOCl）和氯胺。细菌在许多不同环境中以及从多种来源遇到氧化剂。其中，它们可以通过有氧呼吸内源性产生，或通过使用消毒剂和清洁剂外源性产生，以及由哺乳动物免疫系统产生。此外，工业废水污染、农业径流等人类活动以及火山爆发和光合作用等环境活动也是氧化剂的来源。尽管它们具有抗菌作用，但细菌已经发展出许多机制来抵抗这些有毒分子造成的损害。先前的研究表明，以生物膜形式生长特别能增强细菌对氧化剂的存活能力。本综述旨在总结目前关于细菌生物膜对抗ROS和RCS所采用的抗性机制的知识，重点关注最重要的机制，包括响应氧化应激源形成生物膜、生物膜基质作为保护屏障、解毒酶的重要性以及多物种生物膜群落内增强的保护作用。了解细菌对氧化应激反应的复杂性将为不同细菌物种的潜在治疗干预和生物膜控制策略提供有价值的见解。
