Nanoparticle-based delivery of harmine: A comprehensive study on synthesis, characterization, anticancer activity, angiogenesis and toxicity Evaluation.

The effective treatment of cancer presents numerous challenges, including drug resistance and the risk of detrimental effects on normal tissues. Harmine, a beta-carboline alkaloid, has demonstrated diverse biological properties. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize harmine encapsulated in polylactic--glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (Ha-PLGA-NPs) to investigate their potential as agents against cancer and angiogenesis. The synthesized Ha-PLGA-NPs were thoroughly characterized, exhibiting a connected rod-shaped crystal which some retaining the spherical shape of nanoparticles with an average size of 302.96 nm. Furthermore, the nanoparticles demonstrated a dispersion index of 0.23 and a surface charge of -16.51 mV. In vitro cytotoxicity assays conducted on the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) revealed that Ha-PLGA-NPs possessed significant cytotoxic properties, with an observed IC value of 87.74 μg/mL. Notably, no substantial cytotoxicity was observed in human foreskin fibroblasts, indicating a favorable selectivity towards cancer cells. Evaluation of the anti-angiogenic activity of Ha-PLGA-NPs demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibition of angiogenesis. Mechanistic investigations indicated that the observed inhibition was mediated through the regulation of key genes involved in angiogenesis, including caspase 3, caspase 9, VEGF, and VEGF-R. In vivo studies involving dietary administration of Ha-PLGA-NPs in mice revealed improvements in weight gain, feed intake, liver enzyme levels, and redox potential. These findings underscore the potential of Ha-PLGA-NPs as a promising therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. The observed effects are attributed to their ability to induce programmed cell death and inhibit angiogenesis, thus offering a multifaceted approach to combat cancer.