The presence of oxidative stress in bone defects leads to delayed regeneration, especially in the aged population and patients receiving cancer treatment. This delay is attributed to the increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these populations due to the accumulation of senescent cells. Tissue-engineered scaffolds are emerging as an alternative method to treat bone defects. In this study, we engineered tissue scaffolds tailored to modulate the adverse effects of oxidative stress and promote bone regeneration. We used polycaprolactone to fabricate nanofibrous mats by using electrospinning. We exploited the ROS-scavenging properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles to alleviate the high oxidative stress microenvironment caused by the presence of senescent cells. We characterized the nanofibers for their physical and mechanical properties and utilized an ionization-radiation-based model to induce senescence in bone cells. We demonstrate that the presence of ceria can modulate ROS levels, thereby reducing the level of senescence and promoting osteogenesis. Overall, this study demonstrates that ceria-infused nanofibrous scaffolds can be used for augmenting the osteogenic activity of senescent progenitor cells, which has important implications for engineering bone tissue scaffolds for patients with low regeneration capabilities.