The role of extracellular structures in Clostridioides difficile biofilm formation.

C. difficile infection (CDI) is a costly and increasing burden on the healthcare systems of many developed countries due to the high rates of nosocomial infections. Despite the availability of several antibiotics with high response rates, effective treatment is hampered by recurrent infections. One potential mechanism for recurrence is the existence of C. difficile biofilms in the gut which persist through the course of antibiotics. In this review, we describe current developments in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which C. difficile biofilms form and are stabilized through extracellular biomolecular interactions.