Translational Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
Frontiers of Innovation in Research and Education PhD Program, LPI Doctoral School, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
Immunol Cell Biol. 2024 Aug;102(7):618-629. doi: 10.1111/imcb.12789. Epub 2024 Jun 11.
Individuals with low socioeconomic status (SES) are at greater risk of contracting and developing severe disease compared with people with higher SES. Age, sex, host genetics, smoking and cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus are known to have a major impact on human immune responses and thus susceptibility to infection. However, the impact of SES on immune variability is not well understood or explored. Here, we used data from the Milieu Intérieur project, a study of 1000 healthy volunteers with extensive demographic and biological data, to examine the effect of SES on immune variability. We developed an Elo-rating system using socioeconomic features such as education, income and home ownership status to objectively rank SES in the 1000 donors. We observed sex-specific SES associations, such as females with a low SES having a significantly higher frequency of CMV seropositivity compared with females with high SES, and males with a low SES having a significantly higher frequency of active smoking compared with males with a high SES. Using random forest models, we identified specific immune genes which were significantly associated with SES in both baseline and immune challenge conditions. Interestingly, many of the SES associations were sex stimuli specific, highlighting the complexity of these interactions. Our study provides a new way of computing SES in human populations that can help identify novel SES associations and reinforces biological evidence for SES-dependent susceptibility to infection. This should serve as a basis for further understanding the molecular mechanisms behind SES effects on immune responses and ultimately disease.
与社会经济地位（SES）较高的人相比，SES 较低的个体患严重疾病的风险更高。年龄、性别、宿主遗传、吸烟和巨细胞病毒（CMV）血清状态已知对人体免疫反应有重大影响，从而影响感染的易感性。然而，SES 对免疫变异性的影响尚未得到很好的理解或探索。在这里，我们使用了来自“内部环境”（Milieu Intérieur）项目的数据，该项目是一项对 1000 名健康志愿者进行的研究，这些志愿者具有广泛的人口统计学和生物学数据，旨在研究 SES 对免疫变异性的影响。我们使用 SES 特征（如教育、收入和住房所有权状况）开发了 Elo 评分系统，以客观地对 1000 名捐赠者的 SES 进行排名。我们观察到 SES 存在性别特异性关联，例如 SES 较低的女性 CMV 血清阳性率明显高于 SES 较高的女性，SES 较低的男性主动吸烟率明显高于 SES 较高的男性。使用随机森林模型，我们确定了在基线和免疫挑战条件下与 SES 显著相关的特定免疫基因。有趣的是，许多 SES 关联是性别刺激特异性的，这凸显了这些相互作用的复杂性。我们的研究提供了一种计算人群 SES 的新方法，可以帮助识别新的 SES 关联，并为 SES 依赖性感染易感性的生物学证据提供支持。这应该为进一步了解 SES 对免疫反应的分子机制并最终了解疾病奠定基础。
