Kamalakannan Mahalakshmi, Rajendran Durgalakshmi, Thomas John, Chandrasekaran Natarajan
Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 Tamil Nadu India
Nanoscale Adv. 2024 May 7;6(12):3119-3134. doi: 10.1039/d4na00013g. eCollection 2024 Jun 11.
Polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) when exposed to nanopermethrin (NPER) exacerbate toxicity on . In the environment, NPs act as a vector for other pollutants mainly heavy metals and pesticides. Nanopesticides are efficient compared to their bulk form. The adsorption of NPER on PSNPs was studied systematically and it was found that the binding of NPER is inversely proportional to its concentration. NPER adsorption on PSNPs followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with an adsorption percentage of 1.7%, 3.7%, 7.7%, 15.4%, and 30.8% when PSNPs were incubated with 2 mg L,4 mg L, 8 mg L, 16 mg L, and 32 mg L of NPER. The adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm. The increased hydrodynamic size of the NPER/PSNP complex was observed. Different characterization studies were performed for NPER, PSNPs, and their complex using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The LC value for the NPER/PSNP complex treated with was 3.127 mg L, compared to LC NPER which was found to be 4.536 mg L. PSNPs had a lower mortality rate in , where 50% mortality (LC) was not observed at their working concentration. Both the nanoforms led to morphological changes in . Reactive oxygen species increased to 87.94% for the NPER/PSNP complex, 78.93% for NPER, and 23.65% for PSNPs. Greater amounts of ROS in the cells may have led to SOD degradation. Superoxide dismutase activity for the NPER/PSNP complex was 1.2 U mg, NPER was 1.3 U mg, and PSNPs was 2.1 U mg. A lipid peroxidation study reveals that the melondialdehyde synthesis by NPER/PSNPs complex, NPER and PSNPs were found to be 2.21 nM mg, 1.59 nM mg, and 0.91 nM mg respectively. Catalase activity in a complex of NPER/PSNPs, NPER, and PSNPs was found to be 1.25 U mg, 0.94 U mg, and 0.49 U mg. This study envisages the individual and combined toxicity of nanopesticides and PSNPs on aquatic organisms. Increased plastic usage and new-age chemicals for agriculture could result in the formation of a PSNPs-NPER complex potentially causing highly toxic effects on aquatic animals, compared to their pristine forms. Therefore, we should also consider the other side of nanotechnology in agriculture.
聚苯乙烯纳米塑料（PSNPs）在暴露于纳米氯菊酯（NPER）时会加剧对……的毒性。在环境中，纳米颗粒充当其他污染物（主要是重金属和农药）的载体。纳米农药相比其块状形式更高效。系统研究了NPER在PSNPs上的吸附情况，发现NPER的结合与其浓度成反比。当PSNPs与2 mg/L、4 mg/L、8 mg/L、16 mg/L和32 mg/L的NPER孵育时，NPER在PSNPs上的吸附遵循准一级动力学，吸附百分比分别为1.7%、3.7%、7.7%、15.4%和30.8%。吸附遵循朗缪尔等温线。观察到NPER/PSNP复合物的流体动力学尺寸增加。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱、场发射扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和气相色谱 - 质谱对NPER、PSNPs及其复合物进行了不同的表征研究。用……处理的NPER/PSNP复合物的LC值为3.127 mg/L，而发现NPER的LC值为4.536 mg/L。PSNPs在……中的死亡率较低，在其工作浓度下未观察到50%死亡率（LC）。两种纳米形式均导致……的形态变化。NPER/PSNP复合物的活性氧增加到87.94%，NPER为78.93%，PSNPs为23.65%。细胞中大量的活性氧可能导致超氧化物歧化酶降解。NPER/PSNP复合物的超氧化物歧化酶活性为1.2 U/mg，NPER为1.3 U/mg，PSNPs为2.1 U/mg。脂质过氧化研究表明，NPER/PSNPs复合物、NPER和PSNPs产生的丙二醛分别为2.21 nM/mg、1.59 nM/mg和0.91 nM/mg。NPER/PSNPs复合物、NPER和PSNPs中的过氧化氢酶活性分别为1.25 U/mg、0.94 U/mg和0.49 U/mg。本研究设想了纳米农药和PSNPs对水生生物的单独和联合毒性。与原始形式相比，农业中塑料使用量的增加和新型化学品可能导致PSNPs - NPER复合物的形成，对水生动物可能产生高毒性影响。因此，我们也应该考虑农业中纳米技术的另一面。
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