Ustin Susan L, Middleton Elizabeth McPhee
Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
Sensors (Basel). 2024 May 28;24(11):3488. doi: 10.3390/s24113488.
Among the essential tools to address global environmental information requirements are the Earth-Observing (EO) satellites with free and open data access. This paper reviews those EO satellites from international space programs that already, or will in the next decade or so, provide essential data of importance to the environmental sciences that describe Earth's status. We summarize factors distinguishing those pioneering satellites placed in space over the past half century, and their links to modern ones, and the changing priorities for spaceborne instruments and platforms. We illustrate the broad sweep of instrument technologies useful for observing different aspects of the physio-biological aspects of the Earth's surface, spanning wavelengths from the UV-A at 380 nanometers to microwave and radar out to 1 m. We provide a background on the technical specifications of each mission and its primary instrument(s), the types of data collected, and examples of applications that illustrate these observations. We provide websites for additional mission details of each instrument, the history or context behind their measurements, and additional details about their instrument design, specifications, and measurements.
满足全球环境信息需求的重要工具之一是具有免费和开放数据访问权限的地球观测（EO）卫星。本文回顾了那些来自国际太空计划的地球观测卫星，这些卫星已经或在未来十年左右将提供对描述地球状况的环境科学至关重要的数据。我们总结了过去半个世纪送入太空的那些开创性卫星的特点、它们与现代卫星的联系，以及星载仪器和平台不断变化的优先事项。我们展示了广泛的仪器技术，这些技术可用于观测地球表面物理 - 生物方面的不同特征，波长范围从380纳米的紫外线A到1米的微波和雷达。我们提供了每个任务及其主要仪器的技术规格背景、所收集数据的类型，以及说明这些观测结果的应用示例。我们还提供了网站，以获取每个仪器的更多任务细节、其测量背后的历史或背景，以及有关其仪器设计、规格和测量的更多详细信息。
