Place Recognition through Multiple LiDAR Scans Based on the Hidden Markov Model.

Autonomous driving systems for unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) operating in enclosed environments strongly rely on LiDAR localization with a prior map. Precise initial pose estimation is critical during system startup or when tracking is lost, ensuring safe UGV operation. Existing LiDAR-based place recognition methods often suffer from reduced accuracy due to only matching descriptors from individual LiDAR keyframes. This paper proposes a multi-frame descriptor-matching approach based on the hidden Markov model (HMM) to address this issue. This method enhances the place recognition accuracy and robustness by leveraging information from multiple frames. Experimental results from the KITTI dataset demonstrate that the proposed method significantly enhances the place recognition performance compared with the scan context-based single-frame descriptor-matching approach, with an average performance improvement of 5.8% and with a maximum improvement of 15.3%.