George Warren Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, Goldfarb Hall, Room 241, Campus Box 1196, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
UNICEF, New York, USA.
Glob Health Res Policy. 2024 Jun 20;9(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s41256-024-00362-1.
Little is known regarding economic impacts of intimate partner violence (IPV) in humanitarian settings, especially the labor market burden. Examining costs of IPV beyond the health burden may provide new information to help with resource allocation for addressing IPV, including within conflict zones. This paper measures the incidence and prevalence of different types of IPV, the potential relationship between IPV and labor market activity, and estimating the cost of these IPV-associated labor market differentials.
The association between labor market outcomes, IPV experience, and conflict exposure among women ages 15-49 in Nigeria were studied using the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey and 2013-17 Uppsala Conflict Data Program data. Descriptive analysis was used to identify patterns of IPV and labor outcomes by region. Based on this, multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between labor market participation and lifetime IPV exposure. These models were combined with earnings data from the United Nations Human Development Report 2021/2022 and a top-down costing approach to quantify the impacts in terms of lost productivity to the Nigerian economy.
Substantial differences in IPV exposure and labor market outcomes were found between conflict and non-conflict-affected areas. Women with past year or lifetime exposure to physical, emotional, or "any" IPV were more likely to withdraw from the labor market in the past year, although no differences were found for sexual IPV or conflict-affected regions. We estimate an average reduction of 4.14% in the likelihood of working, resulting in nearly $3.0 billion USD of lost productivity, about 1% of Nigeria's total economic output.
Increased odds of labor market withdraw were associated with several measures of IPV. Withdrawal from the formal labor market sector has a substantial associated economic cost for all of Nigerian society. If stronger prevention measures reduce the incidence of IPV against women in Nigeria, a substantial portion of lost economic costs likely could be reclaimed. These costs underscore the economic case, alongside the moral imperative, for stronger protections against IPV for girls and women in Nigeria.
在人道主义环境中，人们对亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）的经济影响知之甚少，尤其是劳动力市场负担。除了健康负担之外，考察 IPV 的成本可能会提供新的信息，以帮助为解决 IPV 分配资源，包括在冲突地区。本文衡量了不同类型的 IPV 的发生率和流行率、IPV 与劳动力市场活动之间的潜在关系，以及估算这些与 IPV 相关的劳动力市场差异的成本。
使用 2018 年尼日利亚人口与健康调查和 2013-17 年乌普萨拉冲突数据方案的数据，研究了尼日利亚 15-49 岁女性的劳动力市场结果、IPV 经历和冲突暴露之间的关联。描述性分析用于按地区确定 IPV 和劳动力结果的模式。在此基础上，使用多变量逻辑回归模型估计劳动力市场参与度与终生 IPV 暴露度之间的关联。这些模型与 2021/2022 年联合国人类发展报告的收入数据以及自上而下的成本计算方法相结合，以衡量对尼日利亚经济生产力损失的影响。
在冲突和非冲突影响地区之间发现了大量的 IPV 暴露和劳动力市场结果差异。在过去一年或一生中遭受过身体、情感或“任何”形式的 IPV 的女性，在过去一年中更有可能退出劳动力市场，尽管在性 IPV 或冲突影响地区没有发现差异。我们估计工作的可能性平均降低了 4.14%，导致近 30 亿美元的生产力损失，占尼日利亚经济总量的 1%左右。
与几种 IPV 衡量标准相关的劳动力市场退出的几率增加。退出正规劳动力市场部门对尼日利亚全社会都有巨大的相关经济成本。如果更强有力的预防措施降低了尼日利亚妇女遭受 IPV 的发生率，那么很大一部分经济损失可能会被挽回。这些成本强调了针对尼日利亚女孩和妇女加强 IPV 保护的经济案例，除了道德必要性之外。
