Xu Zheng, Wang Minghua, Chang Liuyong, Pan Kang, Shen Xiaowei, Zhong Shenghui, Xu Jingsha, Liu Lei, Li Guangze, Chen Longfei
Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 311115, China.
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Oct 1;945:174128. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174128. Epub 2024 Jun 20.
With the continuous increase in global air transportation, the impact of ultrafine particulate matter (PM) emissions from aviation on human health and environmental pollution is becoming increasingly severe. In addition to carbon reduction throughout the lifecycle, Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) also represent a significant pathway for reducing PM emissions. However, due to issues such as airworthiness safety and adaptability, existing research has mostly focused on the emission performance of SAF when blended with traditional fuels at <50 %, leaving the emission characteristics of higher blending ratios to be explored. In this study, using measurement methods recommended by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the PM emission reduction characteristics of small turbofan engines fueled with 100 % Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA)-SAF were experimentally evaluated and compared with traditional fuels RP-3 and Diesel, while avoiding the interference of lubricant blending combustion. The results showed that the peak number concentration of particle size distribution (PSD), PM total number, as well as the number and mass concentration of non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) decreased initially and then increased with rising thrust conditions. HEFA-SAF exhibits PSD with smaller diameters, and the Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD) ranges from 7.7 nm to 20.3 nm under all conditions. Both volatile particulates (vPM) and nvPM from HEFA-SAF are significantly reduced, with nvPM number emission index (EIn) being 92 % and 71 % lower than Diesel and RP-3, respectively. The nvPM mass emission index (EIm) also shows reductions of 96 % and 89 % compared to Diesel and RP-3. Microscopic characterization also indicated that using HEFA-SAF emitted fewer and smaller PMs. This study establishes a foundation for evaluating the effectiveness of 100 % SAF in reducing PM emissions within the aviation sector, and contributes to the airworthiness regulations development related to the use of SAF in a variety of application environments, alongside enhancing environmental protection measures.
随着全球航空运输量的不断增加，航空业超细颗粒物（PM）排放对人类健康和环境污染的影响日益严重。除了在整个生命周期内减少碳排放外，可持续航空燃料（SAF）也是减少PM排放的重要途径。然而，由于适航安全性和适应性等问题，现有研究大多集中在SAF与传统燃料混合比例低于50%时的排放性能，更高混合比例的排放特性有待探索。在本研究中，采用国际民用航空组织（ICAO）推荐的测量方法，对以100%加氢处理酯类和脂肪酸（HEFA）-SAF为燃料的小型涡轮风扇发动机的PM减排特性进行了实验评估，并与传统燃料RP-3和柴油进行了比较，同时避免了润滑油混合燃烧的干扰。结果表明，粒径分布（PSD）的峰值数浓度、PM总数以及非挥发性颗粒物（nvPM）的数量和质量浓度随推力条件的增加先降低后增加。HEFA-SAF的PSD直径较小，在所有条件下几何平均直径（GMD）范围为7.7nm至20.3nm。来自HEFA-SAF的挥发性颗粒物（vPM）和nvPM均显著减少，nvPM数量排放指数（EIn）分别比柴油和RP-3低92%和71%。nvPM质量排放指数（EIm）与柴油和RP-3相比也分别降低了96%和89%。微观表征还表明，使用HEFA-SAF排放的PM数量更少、尺寸更小。本研究为评估100%SAF在航空领域减少PM排放的有效性奠定了基础，并有助于制定在各种应用环境中使用SAF的适航法规，同时加强环境保护措施。
