Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States.
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2024 Jul 9;58(27):12260-12271. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02885. Epub 2024 Jun 26.
Despite the critical importance of virus disinfection by chlorine, our fundamental understanding of the relative susceptibility of different viruses to chlorine and robust quantitative relationships between virus disinfection rate constants and environmental parameters remains limited. We conducted a systematic review of virus inactivation by free chlorine and used the resulting data set to develop a linear mixed model that estimates chlorine inactivation rate constants for viruses based on experimental conditions. 570 data points were collected in our systematic review, representing 82 viruses over a broad range of environmental conditions. The harmonized inactivation rate constants under reference conditions (pH = 7.53, T = 20 °C, [Cl] < 50 mM) spanned 5 orders of magnitude, ranging from 0.0196 to 1150 L mg min, and uncovered important trends between viruses. Whereas common surrogate bacteriophage MS2 does not serve as a conservative chlorine disinfection surrogate for many human viruses, CVB5 was one of the most resistant viruses in the data set. The model quantifies the role of pH, temperature, and chloride levels across viruses, and an online tool allows users to estimate rate constants for viruses and conditions of interest. Results from the model identified potential shortcomings in current U.S. EPA drinking water disinfection requirements.
尽管氯对病毒消毒至关重要，但我们对不同病毒对氯的相对敏感性以及病毒消毒率常数与环境参数之间的强健定量关系的基本理解仍然有限。我们对游离氯对病毒的灭活作用进行了系统评价，并利用所得数据集开发了一种线性混合模型，根据实验条件估算病毒的氯灭活率常数。我们的系统评价中收集了 570 个数据点，代表了广泛环境条件下的 82 种病毒。在参考条件（pH = 7.53、T = 20°C、[Cl] <50 mM）下统一的灭活率常数跨越了 5 个数量级，范围从 0.0196 到 1150 L mg min，揭示了病毒之间的重要趋势。虽然常见的替代噬菌体 MS2 并不能作为许多人类病毒的保守氯消毒替代物，但 CVB5 是数据集中最具抗性的病毒之一。该模型量化了 pH、温度和氯水平对各种病毒的作用，并且在线工具允许用户估算感兴趣的病毒和条件下的速率常数。该模型的结果确定了当前美国环保署饮用水消毒要求的潜在缺陷。
