Auranofin enhances the antibacterial effects of ertapenem against carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli.

The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) is increasing worldwide, and infections caused by CREC are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality rates. It is within this context that combination therapy has been reported as an effective strategy for treating resistant bacteria. Auranofin was approved by the FDA for treating rheumatoid arthritis. We confirmed that auranofin restored the susceptibility of ertapenem to CREC through synergy checkerboard and time-kill analyses. We also demonstrated that sub-MIC levels of auranofin significantly inhibited the expression of carbapenemase (bla) and efflux pump (acrA, acrD, and tolC) genes. The combination of auranofin and ertapenem suppressed the expression levels of motility (motA and flhD) genes, decreasing motility, which is a known pathogenic factor in CREC. Taken together, our results indicate that auranofin exerted a synergistic effect with ertapenem by suppressing the expression of carbapenemase and efflux pump genes and reducing the motility and virulence factors against CREC.