Department of Natural Sciences, Middle Georgia State University, Macon, GA 31206, USA.
Ecological Parasitology and Tropical Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kannur University, Mananthavady Campus, Wayanad 670645, Kerala, India.
Parasitol Int. 2024 Oct;102:102917. doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102917. Epub 2024 Jun 25.
Proalarioides Yamaguti, 1933 (Digenea Carus, 1863: Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886) is a small genus of proterodiplostomids parasitic in the intestines of snakes in Asia. Only two species are considered valid: Proalarioides serpentis Yamaguti, 1933 and Proalarioides tropidonotis Vidyarthi, 1937. Unlike other proterodiplostomids, Proalarioides spp. possess pseudosuckers and lack the paraprostate, otherwise extremely characteristic of the Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936. In the present study, we describe the morphology of progenetic metacercariae of a Proalarioides sp. from bicolored frog, Clinotarsus curtipes (Jerdon), collected in India and provide the first DNA sequences from any member of the genus. These specimens differ from previously described metacercariae and adults of P. serpentis and P. tropidonotis in several ways, including body and organ sizes, sucker ratios, and distribution of vitellarium. The newly generated partial large ribosomal subunit (28S) rRNA gene sequence was used to test the phylogenetic position of the genus among other major lineages of diplostomoideans. Our 28S phylogeny clearly demonstrated Proalarioides sp. to be well-separated from other members of the Proterodiplostomidae. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, we transfer Proalarioides out of the Proterodiplostomidae into the Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886.
Proalarioides Yamaguti, 1933（Digenea Carus, 1863: Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886）是一个寄生在亚洲蛇类肠道中的小型原复殖目吸虫属。目前仅确认有两个有效种：Proalarioides serpentis Yamaguti, 1933 和 Proalarioides tropidonotis Vidyarthi, 1937。与其他原复殖目吸虫不同，Proalarioides spp. 具有假吸盘，缺乏前列腺，而前列腺是原复殖目吸虫科 Dubois, 1936 的一个非常特征性的结构。本研究描述了从印度采集的双色蛙 Clinotarsus curtipes (Jerdon) 中发现的一种 Proalarioides sp. 的后生幼体的形态，并提供了该属的第一个 DNA 序列。这些标本在身体和器官大小、吸盘比例以及卵黄腺分布等方面与先前描述的 P. serpentis 和 P. tropidonotis 的幼体和成虫有所不同。新生成的部分大亚基核糖体 RNA（28S）基因序列被用于测试该属在其他双腔科主要分支中的系统发育位置。我们的 28S 系统发育树清楚地表明，Proalarioides sp. 与其他原复殖目吸虫科成员明显分开。基于形态学和分子证据，我们将 Proalarioides 属从原复殖目吸虫科转移到双腔科 Poirier, 1886。
