Chen Liang
Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
Plant Mol Biol. 2024 Jun 28;114(4):80. doi: 10.1007/s11103-024-01456-7.
Plant leaves consist of three layers, including epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissues. Their development is meticulously orchestrated. Stomata are the specified structures on the epidermis for uptake of carbon dioxide (CO) while release of water vapour and oxygen (O), and thus play essential roles in regulation of plant photosynthesis and water use efficiency. To function efficiently, stomatal formation must coordinate with the development of other epidermal cell types, such as pavement cell and trichome, and tissues of other layers, such as mesophyll and leaf vein. This review summarizes the regulation of stomatal development in three dimensions (3D). In the epidermis, specific stomatal transcription factors determine cell fate transitions and also activate a ligand-receptor- MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) signaling for ensuring proper stomatal density and patterning. This forms the core regulation network of stomatal development, which integrates various environmental cues and phytohormone signals to modulate stomatal production. Under the epidermis, mesophyll, endodermis of hypocotyl and inflorescence stem, and veins in grasses secrete mobile signals to influence stomatal formation in the epidermis. In addition, long-distance signals which may include phytohormones, RNAs, peptides and proteins originated from other plant organs modulate stomatal development, enabling plants to systematically adapt to the ever changing environment.
植物叶片由三层组成，包括表皮、叶肉和维管组织。它们的发育受到精心调控。气孔是表皮上特定的结构，用于吸收二氧化碳（CO₂），同时释放水蒸气和氧气（O₂），因此在调节植物光合作用和水分利用效率方面发挥着重要作用。为了高效发挥功能，气孔的形成必须与其他表皮细胞类型（如扁平细胞和毛状体）以及其他层的组织（如叶肉和叶脉）的发育相协调。本综述总结了气孔发育在三个维度（3D）上的调控。在表皮中，特定的气孔转录因子决定细胞命运转变，并激活配体-受体-丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）信号传导，以确保适当的气孔密度和格局。这形成了气孔发育的核心调控网络，该网络整合各种环境线索和植物激素信号来调节气孔的产生。在表皮下方，叶肉、下胚轴和花序茎的内皮层以及禾本科植物的叶脉分泌移动信号来影响表皮中的气孔形成。此外，可能包括源自其他植物器官的植物激素、RNA、肽和蛋白质的长距离信号调节气孔发育，使植物能够系统地适应不断变化的环境。
