Blumkaitis Julia C, Nunes Natalia, Strepp Tilmann, Tomaskovic Aleksandar, Wenger Mario, Widauer Hannah, Aglas Lorenz, Simon Perikles, Stöggl Thomas Leonhard, Haller Nils
Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Biol Sport. 2024 Jul;41(3):105-118. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.132998. Epub 2024 Jan 2.
This study examined the acute effects of exercise testing on immunology markers, established blood-based biomarkers, and questionnaires in endurance athletes, with a focus on biological sex differences. Twenty-four healthy endurance-trained participants (16 men, age: 29.2± 7.6 years, maximal oxygen uptake ( ): 59.4 ± 7.5 ml · min · kg; 8 women, age: 26.8 ± 6.1 years, : 52.9 ± 3.1 ml · min · kg) completed an incremental submaximal exercise test and a ramp test. The study employed exploratory bioinformatics analysis: mixed ANOVA, k-means clustering, and uniform manifold approximation and projection, to assess the effects of exhaustive exercise on biomarkers and questionnaires. Significant increases in biomarkers (lymphocytes, platelets, procalcitonin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells, cell-free DNA (cfDNA)) and fatigue were observed post-exercise. Furthermore, differences pre- to post-exercise were observed in cytokines, cfDNA, and other blood biomarkers between male and female participants. Three distinct groups of athletes with differing proportions of females (Cluster 1: 100% female, Cluster 2: 85% male, Cluster 3: 37.5% female and 65.5% male) were identified with k-means clustering. Specific biomarkers (e.g., interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-10, and IL-13, as well as cfDNA) served as primary markers for each cluster, potentially informing individualized exercise responses. In conclusion, our study identified exercise-sensitive biomarkers and provides valuable insights into the relationships between biological sex and biomarker responses.
本研究考察了运动测试对耐力运动员免疫标志物、既定的血液生物标志物和问卷调查的急性影响，重点关注生物性别差异。24名健康的耐力训练参与者（16名男性，年龄：29.2±7.6岁，最大摄氧量（ ）：59.4±7.5 ml·min·kg；8名女性，年龄：26.8±6.1岁， ：52.9±3.1 ml·min·kg）完成了递增次最大运动测试和斜坡测试。该研究采用探索性生物信息学分析：混合方差分析、k均值聚类以及均匀流形逼近与投影，以评估力竭运动对生物标志物和问卷调查的影响。运动后观察到生物标志物（淋巴细胞、血小板、降钙素原、血红蛋白、血细胞比容、红细胞、游离DNA（cfDNA））和疲劳显著增加。此外，男性和女性参与者在运动前后的细胞因子、cfDNA和其他血液生物标志物方面存在差异。通过k均值聚类确定了三组不同的运动员群体，女性比例不同（第1组：100%为女性，第2组：85%为男性，第3组：37.5%为女性和65.5%为男性）。特定的生物标志物（如白细胞介素-2（IL-2）、IL-10和IL-13以及cfDNA）作为每组的主要标志物，可能为个性化运动反应提供依据。总之，我们的研究确定了对运动敏感的生物标志物，并为生物性别与生物标志物反应之间的关系提供了有价值的见解。
