Cardiac mechanics and energetics: chemomechanical transduction in cardiac muscle.

When a heart is in a stable inotropic state, the end-systolic pressure-volume points of each work cycle fall on a straight line regardless of the magnitude of the afterload or the initial end-diastolic volume: cardiac O2 consumption (MVO2) per beat is linearly correlated with ventricular systolic pressure-volume area (PVA), defined in terms of stroke work and potential energy components. Moreover, if the basal and activation components of the cardiac energy cycle are subtracted, hearts operate at a constant PVA/MVO2 efficiency. The present review examines the energetic implications of these results for current muscle models, discussing the energetic background of earlier skeletal muscle viscoelastic models and examining differences between the vectorial outputs of ion transport ATPases and myofibrillar ATPases. The PVA data point to a unique stoichiometric relationship between myocardial energy flux and vectorial output, and it is shown that most existing myocardial O2 consumption data can be reconciled with the PVA concept. However, most muscle models would not predict a linear stoichiometric relation between energy flux and pressure-volume potential energy. We pose the question as to whether there is an undiscovered autoregulatory process at work in muscle.