Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024 Aug;88:105742. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105742. Epub 2024 Jun 21.
Extensive research has explored the role of gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the impact of microbial communities in the oral cavity and respiratory tract on MS is an emerging area of investigation.
We aimed to review the current literature related to the nasal, oral, and lung microbiota in people with MS (PwMS).
We conducted a narrative review of clinical and preclinical original studies on PubMed that explored the relationship between the bacterial or viral composition of the nasal, lung, and oral microbiota and MS. Additionally, to find relevant studies not retrieved initially, we also searched for references in related review papers, as well as the references cited within the included studies.
Thirteen studies were meticulously reviewed in three sections; oral microbiota (n = 8), nasal microbiota (n = 3), and lung microbiota (n = 2), highlighting considerable alterations in the oral and respiratory microbiome of PwMS compared to healthy controls (HCs). Genera like Aggregatibacter and Streptococcus were less abundant in the oral microbiota of PwMS compared to HCs, while Staphylococcus, Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides showed increased abundance in PwMS. Additionally, the presence of specific bacteria, including Streptococcus sanguinis, within the oral microbiota was suggested to influence Epstein-Barr virus reactivation, a well-established risk factor for MS. Studies related to the nasal microbiome indicated elevated levels of specific Staphylococcus aureus toxins, as well as nasal glial cell infection with human herpes virus (HHV)-6 in PwMS. Emerging research on lung microbiome in animal models demonstrated that manipulating the lung microbiome towards lipopolysaccharide-producing bacteria might suppress MS symptoms. These findings open avenues for potential therapeutic strategies. However, further research is crucial to fully understand the complex interactions between the microbiome and MS. This will help identify the most effective timing, bacterial strains, and modulation techniques.
大量研究探索了肠道微生物群在多发性硬化症（MS）中的作用。然而，口腔和呼吸道微生物群落对 MS 的影响是一个新兴的研究领域。
我们旨在综述有关 MS 患者（PwMS）鼻腔、口腔和肺部微生物组的现有文献。
我们对 PubMed 上关于鼻腔、肺部和口腔微生物组细菌或病毒组成与 MS 之间关系的临床和临床前原始研究进行了叙述性综述。此外，为了找到最初未检索到的相关研究，我们还在相关综述论文中以及纳入研究的参考文献中查找了参考文献。
在三个部分中仔细审查了 13 项研究；口腔微生物组（n = 8）、鼻腔微生物组（n = 3）和肺部微生物组（n = 2），与健康对照组（HCs）相比，PwMS 的口腔和呼吸道微生物组发生了相当大的变化。与 HCs 相比，PwMS 口腔微生物组中 Aggregatibacter 和 Streptococcus 等属的丰度较低，而 Staphylococcus、Leptotrichia、Fusobacterium 和 Bacteroides 的丰度增加。此外，口腔微生物组中特定细菌（包括 Streptococcus sanguinis）的存在被认为会影响 Epstein-Barr 病毒的重新激活，这是 MS 的一个公认的危险因素。与鼻腔微生物组相关的研究表明，PwMS 中存在特定的金黄色葡萄球菌毒素水平升高，以及鼻腔神经胶质细胞感染人类疱疹病毒（HHV）-6。在动物模型中对肺部微生物组的新兴研究表明，将肺部微生物组向产生脂多糖的细菌方向操纵可能会抑制 MS 症状。这些发现为潜在的治疗策略开辟了途径。然而，需要进一步的研究来全面了解微生物组与 MS 之间的复杂相互作用。这将有助于确定最有效的时机、细菌菌株和调节技术。
