Rifkin M D, Pasto M E, Goldberg B B
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1985 Mar-Apr;11(2):341-6. doi: 10.1016/0301-5629(85)90133-4.
Evaluation of renal disease and transplant rejection has been limited to excretory urography, nuclear isotope flow studies and other more invasive procedures. The B-scan ultrasound findings are often nonspecific. The development of duplex pulsed Doppler sonography has permitted evaluation of both arterial and venous flow. Duplex ultrasound studies in patients with a suspected diminution in renal function demonstrated the ability to delineate normal and abnormal flow, limiting the differential diagnosis, and in some cases actually documented an abnormality before gross pathologic changes became evident.
对肾脏疾病和移植排斥反应的评估一直局限于排泄性尿路造影、核素血流研究及其他侵入性更强的检查方法。B超扫描结果通常缺乏特异性。双功脉冲多普勒超声的发展使得对动静脉血流的评估成为可能。对怀疑肾功能减退患者的双功超声检查显示，该技术能够区分正常和异常血流，缩小鉴别诊断范围，而且在某些情况下，在大体病理改变明显之前就能实际检测到异常。
