Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany.
Analytical/Environmental Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Environ Monit Assess. 2024 Jul 11;196(8):725. doi: 10.1007/s10661-024-12853-2.
UV filters and benzotriazole UV stabilizers are considered emerging contaminants in the environment. LC-MS/MS and GC-MS methods, involving a single solid phase extraction protocol, were developed and validated to determine eight UV filters and seven UV stabilizers, respectively in wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Lüneburg, Germany. The LC-MS/MS method exhibited extraction recoveries of ≥ 71% at six different fortification levels with limits of detection (LODs) range of 0.02 ng mL - 0.09 ng mL. Extraction recoveries of 47 to 119% at six different fortification levels were obtained for the GC-MS method with LODs range of 0.01 - 0.09 ng mL. Among the UV filters, the highest mean concentration was determined for octocrylene (OCR) in influent (3.49 ng mL) while the highest mean concentration was measured for 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxybenzophenone (UV 531) in influent (0.44 ng mL) among the UV stabilizers. Potential risk to aquatic organisms was assessed by the risk quotient approach. Only OCR presented a high risk to aquatic invertebrates whereas 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS) posed high risks to algae. Benzotriazole UV stabilizers presented negligible risks to aquatic invertebrates and fish. This work reports the detection of rarely studied 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and UV 531 in WWTP influent and effluent. The occurrence and risk assessment of target benzotriazole UV stabilizers in wastewater from a German WWTP was demonstrated for the first time.
UV 过滤器和苯并三唑类紫外线稳定剂被认为是环境中的新兴污染物。开发并验证了 LC-MS/MS 和 GC-MS 方法，分别用于测定德国吕讷堡污水处理厂废水中的 8 种 UV 过滤器和 7 种 UV 稳定剂。LC-MS/MS 方法在 6 个不同浓度水平下的提取回收率≥71%，检出限（LOD）范围为 0.02-0.09ng/mL。GC-MS 方法在 6 个不同浓度水平下的提取回收率为 47-119%，LOD 范围为 0.01-0.09ng/mL。在 UV 过滤器中，进水口的最高平均浓度为辛基二甲基对苯二胺（OCR）（3.49ng/mL），而进水口中的最高平均浓度为 2-羟基-4-辛氧基二苯甲酮（UV 531）（0.44ng/mL）。采用风险商数法评估对水生生物的潜在风险。只有 OCR 对水生无脊椎动物具有高风险，而 2-乙基己基 4-甲氧基肉桂酸（EHMC）和 2-乙基己基水杨酸酯（EHS）对藻类具有高风险。苯并三唑类紫外线稳定剂对水生无脊椎动物和鱼类的风险可以忽略不计。本工作报道了在污水处理厂进水和出水中很少研究的 4-氨基苯甲酸（PABA）和 UV 531 的检测。首次报道了德国污水处理厂废水中目标苯并三唑类紫外线稳定剂的出现和风险评估。
