Larrosa Mar, Gil-Izquierdo Angel, González-Rodríguez Liliana Guadalupe, Alférez María José Muñoz, San Juan Alejandro F, Sánchez-Gómez Ángela, Calvo-Ayuso Natalia, Ramos-Álvarez Juan José, Fernández-Lázaro Diego, Lopez-Grueso Raúl, López-León Inmaculada, Moreno-Lara Javier, Domínguez-Balmaseda Diego, Illescas-Quiroga Román, Cuenca Eduardo, López Teba, Montoya Juan José, Rodrigues-de-Souza Daiana Priscila, Carrillo-Alvarez Elena, Casado Arturo, Rodriguez-Doñate Belén, Porta-Oliva Mireia, Santiago Catalina, Iturriaga Támara, De Lucas Beatriz, Solaesa Ángela García, Montero-López María Del Pilar, Benítez De Gracia Elvira, Veiga-Herreros Pablo, Muñoz-López Alejandro, Orantes-Gonzalez Eva, Barbero-Alvarez José Carlos, Cabeza-Ruiz Ruth, Carnero-Diaz Ángel, Sospedra Isabel, Fernández-Galván Luis Miguel, Martínez-Sanz José Miguel, Martín-Almena Francisco Javier, Pérez Margarita, Guerra-Hernández Eduardo J, López-Samanes Álvaro, Sánchez-Oliver Antonio Jesús, Domínguez Raúl
Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
Nutr Rev. 2025 Mar 1;83(3):e1068-e1089. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae082.
Despite the progress toward gender equality in events like the Olympic Games and other institutionalized competitions, and the rising number of women engaging in physical exercise programs, scientific studies focused on establishing specific nutritional recommendations for female athletes and other physically active women are scarce.
This systematic review aimed to compile the scientific evidence available for addressing the question "What dietary strategies, including dietary and supplementation approaches, can improve sports performance, recovery, and health status in female athletes and other physically active women?"
The Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched.
The review process involved a comprehensive search strategy using keywords connected by Boolean connectors. Data extracted from the selected studies included information on the number of participants and their characteristics related to sport practice, age, and menstrual function.
A total of 71 studies were included in this review: 17 focused on the analysis of dietary manipulation, and 54 focused on the effects of dietary supplementation. The total sample size was 1654 participants (32.5% categorized as competitive athletes, 30.7% as highly/moderately trained, and 37.2% as physically active/recreational athletes). The risk of bias was considered moderate, mainly for reasons such as a lack of access to the study protocol, insufficient description of how the hormonal phase during the menstrual cycle was controlled for, inadequate dietary control during the intervention, or a lack of blinding of the researchers.
Diets with high carbohydrate (CHO) content enhance performance in activities that induce muscle glycogen depletion. In addition, pre-exercise meals with a high glycemic index or rich in CHOs increase CHO metabolism. Ingestion of 5-6 protein meals interspersed throughout the day, with each intake exceeding 25 g of protein favors anabolism of muscle proteins. Dietary supplements taken to enhance performance, such as caffeine, nitric oxide precursors, β-alanine, and certain sport foods supplements (such as CHOs, proteins, or their combination, and micronutrients in cases of nutritional deficiencies), may positively influence sports performance and/or the health status of female athletes and other physically active women.
PROSPERO registration no. CRD480674.
尽管在奥运会等赛事及其他制度化比赛中，性别平等取得了进展，且参与体育锻炼项目的女性人数不断增加，但针对为女运动员和其他积极参与体育活动的女性制定具体营养建议的科学研究却很匮乏。
本系统评价旨在汇总现有科学证据，以回答“哪些饮食策略，包括饮食和补充剂方法，可改善女运动员和其他积极参与体育活动的女性的运动表现、恢复能力和健康状况？”这一问题。
检索了PubMed、科学网和Scopus数据库。
评价过程采用了使用布尔连接词连接关键词的全面检索策略。从所选研究中提取的数据包括参与者数量及其与运动实践、年龄和月经功能相关的特征信息。
本评价共纳入71项研究：17项聚焦于饮食干预分析，54项聚焦于饮食补充剂的效果。总样本量为1654名参与者（32.5%归类为竞技运动员，30.7%为高水平/中等水平训练者，37.2%为积极参与体育活动/休闲运动员）。偏倚风险被认为适中，主要原因包括无法获取研究方案、对月经周期中激素阶段的控制方式描述不足、干预期间饮食控制不当或研究人员未设盲。
高碳水化合物（CHO）含量的饮食可提高导致肌肉糖原耗竭的活动中的运动表现。此外，高血糖指数或富含CHO的运动前餐可增加CHO代谢。一天中分散摄入5 - 6顿蛋白质餐，每次摄入量超过25克蛋白质有利于肌肉蛋白质的合成代谢。用于提高运动表现的膳食补充剂，如咖啡因、一氧化氮前体、β - 丙氨酸和某些运动食品补充剂（如CHO、蛋白质或其组合，以及在营养缺乏情况下的微量营养素），可能对女运动员和其他积极参与体育活动的女性的运动表现和/或健康状况产生积极影响。
PROSPERO注册号CRD480674。
