Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
Cells. 2024 Jun 27;13(13):1113. doi: 10.3390/cells13131113.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a group of small, dense, and protein-rich lipoproteins that play a role in cholesterol metabolism and various cellular processes. Decreased levels of HDL and HDL dysfunction are commonly observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is also associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Due to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation that develop in T2DM, HDL undergoes several post-translational modifications such as glycation, oxidation, and carbamylation, as well as other alterations in its lipid and protein composition. It is increasingly recognized that the generation of HDL modifications in T2DM seems to be the main cause of HDL dysfunction and may in turn influence the development and progression of T2DM and its related cardiovascular complications. This review provides a general introduction to HDL structure and function and summarizes the main modifications of HDL that occur in T2DM. Furthermore, the potential impact of HDL modifications on the pathogenesis of T2DM and CVD, based on the altered interactions between modified HDL and various cell types that are involved in glucose homeostasis and atherosclerotic plaque generation, will be discussed. In addition, some perspectives for future research regarding the T2DM-related HDL modifications are addressed.
高密度脂蛋白（HDL）是一组小而密集、富含蛋白质的脂蛋白，在胆固醇代谢和各种细胞过程中发挥作用。2 型糖尿病（T2DM）患者常观察到 HDL 水平降低和 HDL 功能障碍，这也与心血管疾病（CVD）风险增加有关。由于 T2DM 中出现的高血糖、氧化应激和炎症，HDL 经历了几种翻译后修饰，如糖化、氧化和氨甲酰化，以及其脂质和蛋白质组成的其他改变。越来越多的人认识到，T2DM 中 HDL 修饰的产生似乎是 HDL 功能障碍的主要原因，并且可能反过来影响 T2DM 及其相关心血管并发症的发生和进展。这篇综述对 HDL 的结构和功能进行了一般性介绍，并总结了 T2DM 中发生的 HDL 的主要修饰。此外，根据修饰后的 HDL 与参与葡萄糖稳态和动脉粥样硬化斑块形成的各种细胞类型之间改变的相互作用，讨论了 HDL 修饰对 T2DM 发病机制和 CVD 的潜在影响。此外，还讨论了关于 T2DM 相关 HDL 修饰的一些未来研究的观点。
