BACKGROUND: Identifying the cause of recurrent or persisting pain after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) is essential for establishing optimal treatment. In this study, we evaluate patients after PLIF surgery by F-fluoride PET/CT scans and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). METHODS: A total of 36 PLIF patients were included. Sixty minutes after intravenous injection of F-fluoride, PET/CT scanning was performed. Bone graft ingrowth, subsidence, screw loosening and damage of facet joints were scored by quantifying the level of bone metabolism of the vertebral endplates in the disc spaces, around screws and around the facet joints on the PET scans. RESULTS: In contrast to asymptomatic patients, symptomatic patients showed abnormal PET values around pedicle screws and/or facet joints and at the lower endplates of the disc spaces, identifying a possible source of pain. On CT, no significant differences between these two groups were found. CONCLUSION: The PET/CT findings appeared to correlate better with symptoms on PROMs compared to CT findings alone. When interpreting F-fluoride PET/CT findings after PLIF surgery, one should realize bone metabolism in the disc spaces of the operated segments and around pedicle screws or facet joint changes during follow-up, reflecting natural recovery.