Rise of the (3D printing) machines in healthcare.

Three-dimensional printing (3D printing) or "additive manufacturing" first came to prominence in the field of engineering, in particular in the transport sector where the value of its fast and accurate prototyping and manufacture of spare parts was quickly recognised. However, over the last ten years, this revolutionary technology has disrupted established manufacture in an increasingly diverse range of technical areas. Perhaps the most unexpected of these is pharmaceuticals - not merely the manufacture of products such as surgically inserted implants, but also of dosage formulations themselves - now available in all manner of printed delivery forms and vehicles and showing promising control of release properties though 3D printing process choices. This review will provide an overview of how 3D printing technology has developed and expanded across technological boundaries during the past decade, with a closer look at the current opportunities and barriers to its widespread adoption, particularly in the medical and pharmaceutical sectors. Special attention has been paid to patents as a boost and barrier to the expansion of 3D printing in the medical and pharmaceutical sector, with a focus on the patent literature.