State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Department of Stomatology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2024 Jul 13;10(1):56. doi: 10.1038/s41522-024-00529-1.
Dental calculus severely affects the oral health of humans and animal pets. Calculus deposition affects the gingival appearance and causes inflammation. Failure to remove dental calculus from the dentition results in oral diseases such as periodontitis. Apart from adversely affecting oral health, some systemic diseases are closely related to dental calculus deposition. Hence, identifying the mechanisms of dental calculus formation helps protect oral and systemic health. A plethora of biological and physicochemical factors contribute to the physiological equilibrium in the oral cavity. Bacteria are an important part of the equation. Calculus formation commences when the bacterial equilibrium is broken. Bacteria accumulate locally and form biofilms on the tooth surface. The bacteria promote increases in local calcium and phosphorus concentrations, which triggers biomineralization and the development of dental calculus. Current treatments only help to relieve the symptoms caused by calculus deposition. These symptoms are prone to relapse if calculus removal is not under control. There is a need for a treatment regime that combines short-term and long-term goals in addressing calculus formation. The present review introduces the mechanisms of dental calculus formation, influencing factors, and the relationship between dental calculus and several systemic diseases. This is followed by the presentation of a conceptual solution for improving existing treatment strategies and minimizing recurrence.
牙结石严重影响人类和动物宠物的口腔健康。牙结石的沉积会影响牙龈的外观并引起炎症。如果不清除牙齿上的牙结石，会导致牙周炎等口腔疾病。除了对口腔健康产生不利影响外，一些系统性疾病与牙结石的沉积密切相关。因此，了解牙结石形成的机制有助于保护口腔和全身健康。大量的生物和物理化学因素有助于维持口腔内的生理平衡。细菌是其中的一个重要组成部分。当细菌平衡被打破时，牙结石开始形成。细菌在牙齿表面局部积聚并形成生物膜。这些细菌会促进局部钙和磷浓度的增加，从而引发生物矿化和牙结石的形成。目前的治疗方法只能帮助缓解由牙结石沉积引起的症状。如果不能控制牙结石的去除，这些症状很容易复发。因此，需要一种治疗方案，将短期和长期目标结合起来，以解决牙结石的形成问题。本综述介绍了牙结石形成的机制、影响因素以及牙结石与几种系统性疾病的关系。然后提出了一种改善现有治疗策略和减少复发的概念性解决方案。
