School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330031, China.
School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330031, China; Department of System and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada.
Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2024 Sep;254:108320. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108320. Epub 2024 Jul 9.
Bipolar hemostasis electrocoagulation is a fundamental procedure in neurosurgery. A precise electrocoagulation model is essential to enable realistic visual feedback in virtual neurosurgical simulation. However, existing models lack an accurate description of the heat damage and irreversible tissue deformation caused by electrocoagulation, thus diminishing the visual realism. This work focuses on the electrocoagulation model for neurosurgery simulation.
In this paper, a position-based dynamics (PBD) model with a bioheat transfer and damage prediction (BHTDP) method is developed for simulating the deformation of brain tissue caused by electrocoagulation. The presented BTHDP method uses the Arrhenius equation to predict thermal damage of brain tissue. A deformation model with energy and thermal damage constraints is developed to characterize soft tissue deformation during heat absorption before and after thermal injury. Visual effect of damaged brain tissue is re-rendered.
To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed method, numerical simulations were conducted and compared with commercial finite element software. The maximum normalized error of the proposed model for predicting midpoint temperature is 10.3 % and the maximum error for predicting the thermal damage is 5.4 %. The contraction effects of heat-exposed anisotropic tissues are also simulated. The results indicate that the presented electrocoagulation model provides stable and realistic visual effects, making it applicable for simulating the electrocoagulation process in virtual neurosurgery.
双相止血电凝是神经外科的基本操作。精确的电凝模型对于在虚拟神经外科模拟中实现真实的视觉反馈至关重要。然而，现有的模型缺乏对电凝引起的热损伤和不可逆转的组织变形的准确描述，从而降低了视觉的真实感。本研究聚焦于神经外科模拟中的电凝模型。
本文提出了一种基于位置的动力学（PBD）模型与生物传热和损伤预测（BHTDP）方法，用于模拟电凝引起的脑组织变形。所提出的 BHTDP 方法使用阿仑尼乌斯方程预测脑组织的热损伤。开发了一个具有能量和热损伤约束的变形模型，以描述热损伤前后软组织在吸收热量时的变形。对损伤脑组织的视觉效果进行了重新渲染。
为了评估所提出方法的准确性，进行了数值模拟，并与商业有限元软件进行了比较。预测中点温度的最大归一化误差为 10.3%，预测热损伤的最大误差为 5.4%。还模拟了受热各向异性组织的收缩效应。结果表明，所提出的电凝模型提供了稳定和真实的视觉效果，适用于模拟虚拟神经外科中的电凝过程。
