Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway.
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Food Safety, PO Box 222, Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Centre for Sustainable Diets, PO Box 222, Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Oct 15;947:174550. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174550. Epub 2024 Jul 14.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous contaminants which are also found in drinking water. Concentration levels in drinking water vary widely and range from a very low contribution to total daily exposure for humans to being the major source of uptake of PFAS. PFAS concentrations in Norwegian drinking water has been rarely reported. We investigated concentrations of 31 PFAS in 164 water samples, representing both source water (i.e., before drinking water treatment) and finished drinking water. Samples were taken from 18 different water bodies across Norway. The 17 waterworks involved supply drinking water to 41 % of the Norwegian population. Only four of the waterworks utilised treatment involving activated carbon which was able to significantly reduce PFAS from the source water. Samples of source water from waterworks not employing activated carbon in treatment were therefore considered to represent drinking water with regards to PFAS (142 samples). All samples from one of the water bodies exceeded the environmental quality standard (EQS) for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) according to the water framework directive (0.65 ng/L). No concentrations exceeded the sum of (20) PFAS (100 ng/L) specified in the EU directive 2020/2184 for drinking water. Several EU countries have issued lower guidelines for the sum of the four PFAS that the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has established as the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS). Denmark and Sweden have guidelines specifying 2 and 4 ng/L for the sum of these PFAS. Only one of the 142 drinking water samples exceeded the Danish TWI and contained a sum of 6.6 ng/L PFAS. A population exposure model, for individuals drinking water from the investigated sources, showed that only 0.5 % of the population was receiving PFAS concentrations above the Danish limit of 2 ng/L.
全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）是无处不在的污染物，也存在于饮用水中。饮用水中的浓度差异很大，从对人类总日接触量的贡献非常低到成为 PFAS 摄入的主要来源。挪威饮用水中 PFAS 的浓度很少有报道。我们调查了 164 个水样中 31 种 PFAS 的浓度，这些水样分别代表水源水（即饮用水处理前）和饮用水成品。水样取自挪威各地的 18 个不同水体。涉及的 17 个自来水厂为挪威 41%的人口提供饮用水。只有四个自来水厂使用了能够显著降低水源水中 PFAS 的活性炭处理。因此，未在处理中使用活性炭的自来水厂的水源水样品被认为代表了饮用水中的 PFAS（142 个样品）。一个水体的所有水样均超过了根据水框架指令（0.65ng/L）规定的全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）的环境质量标准（EQS）。没有浓度超过欧盟指令 2020/2184 规定的饮用水中（20）种 PFAS 总和（100ng/L）。一些欧盟国家已经发布了低于欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）为 PFOS、全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟壬酸（PFNA）和全氟己烷磺酸（PFHxS）确定的可耐受每周摄入量（TWI）的四种 PFAS 总和的指南。丹麦和瑞典有规定这些 PFAS 总和分别为 2ng/L 和 4ng/L 的指南。在 142 个饮用水样本中，只有一个样本超过了丹麦 TWI，含有 6.6ng/L 的 PFAS 总和。一个针对从调查水源饮水的个体的人群暴露模型表明，只有 0.5%的人群摄入的 PFAS 浓度超过丹麦 2ng/L 的限值。
