School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Aging Cell. 2024 Nov;23(11):e14276. doi: 10.1111/acel.14276. Epub 2024 Jul 16.
Plant-based diets reduces the risk of chronic conditions. The interaction between protein source and other macronutrients-fat (F) and carbohydrate (C)-has yet to be investigated. The aim was to assess the main and interactive effects of protein-source (plant vs. animal) and F:C (high or low) and the transition from an Australian diet to a whole food diet on various health markers in older individuals. This single-blinded, parallel, randomised experimental trial used a 2 × 2 factorial design to compare pro-vegetarian (70:30 plant to animal) versus omnivorous (50:50 plant to animal) diets at 14% protein and varying fat-to-carbohydrate ratios (high fat ~40% vs. low fat ~30%) over 4 weeks. Study foods were provided, alcohol consumption was discouraged, and dietary intake was determined through food records. Analysis included both RCT and observational data. Changes in appetite, palatability of diets, and dietary intake were assessed. Body composition, muscle strength, function, gut microbiome, and cardiometabolic health parameters were measured. Data from 113 (of the 128 randomised) individuals aged 65-75 years were analysed. Pro-vegetarian diets reduced diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and glucose levels. Moreover, the overall sample exhibited increased short-chain fatty acids and FGF21 levels, as well as improvements in body composition, function, and cardio-metabolic parameters irrespective of dietary treatment. Transitioning to a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, fibre, and moderate protein was associated with improved health markers in older age, with added benefits from pro-vegetarian diets. Further research on long-term effects is needed.
植物性饮食可降低慢性病风险。蛋白质来源与其他宏量营养素（脂肪[F]和碳水化合物[C]）之间的相互作用尚未得到研究。本研究旨在评估蛋白质来源（植物与动物）和 F:C（高或低）以及从澳大利亚饮食向全食物饮食转变对老年人多种健康指标的主要和交互影响。这项单盲、平行、随机对照试验采用 2×2 析因设计，比较了素食（70:30 植物与动物）与杂食（50:50 植物与动物）饮食在 14%蛋白质和不同脂肪-碳水化合物比例（高脂肪40%与低脂肪30%）下对 4 周的影响。研究食物由提供，不鼓励饮酒，通过食物记录确定饮食摄入量。分析包括 RCT 和观察性数据。评估了食欲、饮食适口性和饮食摄入量的变化。测量了身体成分、肌肉力量、功能、肠道微生物群和心血管代谢健康参数。分析了 113 名（128 名随机分配）年龄在 65-75 岁的个体的数据。素食饮食降低了舒张压、总胆固醇和血糖水平。此外，整体样本表现出短链脂肪酸和 FGF21 水平升高，以及身体成分、功能和心血管代谢参数改善，无论饮食治疗如何。向富含水果、蔬菜、纤维和适量蛋白质的饮食转变与老年人健康指标的改善有关，素食饮食还有额外的益处。需要进一步研究长期影响。
